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String Substitution
In computer science, in the area of formal language theory, frequent use is made of a variety of string functions; however, the notation used is different from that used for computer programming, and some commonly used functions in the theoretical realm are rarely used when programming. This article defines some of these basic terms. Strings and languages A string is a finite sequence of characters. The empty string is denoted by \varepsilon. The concatenation of two string s and t is denoted by s \cdot t, or shorter by s t. Concatenating with the empty string makes no difference: s \cdot \varepsilon = s = \varepsilon \cdot s. Concatenation of strings is associative: s \cdot (t \cdot u) = (s \cdot t) \cdot u. For example, (\langle b \rangle \cdot \langle l \rangle) \cdot (\varepsilon \cdot \langle ah \rangle) = \langle bl \rangle \cdot \langle ah \rangle = \langle blah \rangle. A language is a finite or infinite set of strings. Besides the usual set operations like union, inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Science
Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory, and automation) to practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). Computer science is generally considered an area of academic research and distinct from computer programming. Algorithms and data structures are central to computer science. The theory of computation concerns abstract models of computation and general classes of problems that can be solved using them. The fields of cryptography and computer security involve studying the means for secure communication and for preventing security vulnerabilities. Computer graphics and computational geometry address the generation of images. Programming language theory considers different ways to describe computational processes, and database theory concerns the management of repositories o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
String Substitution
In computer science, in the area of formal language theory, frequent use is made of a variety of string functions; however, the notation used is different from that used for computer programming, and some commonly used functions in the theoretical realm are rarely used when programming. This article defines some of these basic terms. Strings and languages A string is a finite sequence of characters. The empty string is denoted by \varepsilon. The concatenation of two string s and t is denoted by s \cdot t, or shorter by s t. Concatenating with the empty string makes no difference: s \cdot \varepsilon = s = \varepsilon \cdot s. Concatenation of strings is associative: s \cdot (t \cdot u) = (s \cdot t) \cdot u. For example, (\langle b \rangle \cdot \langle l \rangle) \cdot (\varepsilon \cdot \langle ah \rangle) = \langle bl \rangle \cdot \langle ah \rangle = \langle blah \rangle. A language is a finite or infinite set of strings. Besides the usual set operations like union, inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syntactic Monoid
In mathematics and computer science, the syntactic monoid M(L) of a formal language L is the smallest monoid that recognizes the language L. Syntactic quotient The free monoid on a given set is the monoid whose elements are all the strings of zero or more elements from that set, with string concatenation as the monoid operation and the empty string as the identity element. Given a subset S of a free monoid M, one may define sets that consist of formal left or right inverses of elements in S. These are called quotients, and one may define right or left quotients, depending on which side one is concatenating. Thus, the right quotient of S by an element m from M is the set :S \ / \ m=\. Similarly, the left quotient is :m \setminus S=\. Syntactic equivalence The syntactic quotient induces an equivalence relation on M, called the syntactic relation, or syntactic equivalence (induced by S). The ''right syntactic equivalence'' is the equivalence relation :s \sim_S t \ \Leftrigh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finite State Automaton
A finite-state machine (FSM) or finite-state automaton (FSA, plural: ''automata''), finite automaton, or simply a state machine, is a mathematical model of computation. It is an abstract machine that can be in exactly one of a finite number of '' states'' at any given time. The FSM can change from one state to another in response to some inputs; the change from one state to another is called a ''transition''. An FSM is defined by a list of its states, its initial state, and the inputs that trigger each transition. Finite-state machines are of two types— deterministic finite-state machines and non-deterministic finite-state machines. A deterministic finite-state machine can be constructed equivalent to any non-deterministic one. The behavior of state machines can be observed in many devices in modern society that perform a predetermined sequence of actions depending on a sequence of events with which they are presented. Simple examples are vending machines, which dispense p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regular Language
In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular language (also called a rational language) is a formal language that can be defined by a regular expression, in the strict sense in theoretical computer science (as opposed to many modern regular expressions engines, which are augmented with features that allow recognition of non-regular languages). Alternatively, a regular language can be defined as a language recognized by a finite automaton. The equivalence of regular expressions and finite automata is known as Kleene's theorem (after American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene). In the Chomsky hierarchy, regular languages are the languages generated by Type-3 grammars. Formal definition The collection of regular languages over an alphabet Σ is defined recursively as follows: * The empty language Ø is a regular language. * For each ''a'' ∈ Σ (''a'' belongs to Σ), the singleton language is a regular language. * If ''A'' is a regular language, ''A'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syntactic Relation
In mathematics and computer science, the syntactic monoid M(L) of a formal language L is the smallest monoid that recognizes the language L. Syntactic quotient The free monoid on a given set is the monoid whose elements are all the strings of zero or more elements from that set, with string concatenation as the monoid operation and the empty string as the identity element. Given a subset S of a free monoid M, one may define sets that consist of formal left or right inverses of elements in S. These are called quotients, and one may define right or left quotients, depending on which side one is concatenating. Thus, the right quotient of S by an element m from M is the set :S \ / \ m=\. Similarly, the left quotient is :m \setminus S=\. Syntactic equivalence The syntactic quotient induces an equivalence relation on M, called the syntactic relation, or syntactic equivalence (induced by S). The ''right syntactic equivalence'' is the equivalence relation :s \sim_S t \ \Leftrig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equivalence Relation
In mathematics, an equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. The equipollence relation between line segments in geometry is a common example of an equivalence relation. Each equivalence relation provides a partition of the underlying set into disjoint equivalence classes. Two elements of the given set are equivalent to each other if and only if they belong to the same equivalence class. Notation Various notations are used in the literature to denote that two elements a and b of a set are equivalent with respect to an equivalence relation R; the most common are "a \sim b" and "", which are used when R is implicit, and variations of "a \sim_R b", "", or "" to specify R explicitly. Non-equivalence may be written "" or "a \not\equiv b". Definition A binary relation \,\sim\, on a set X is said to be an equivalence relation, if and only if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. That is, for all a, b, and c in X: * a \sim a ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regular Expression
A regular expression (shortened as regex or regexp; sometimes referred to as rational expression) is a sequence of characters that specifies a search pattern in text. Usually such patterns are used by string-searching algorithms for "find" or "find and replace" operations on strings, or for input validation. Regular expression techniques are developed in theoretical computer science and formal language theory. The concept of regular expressions began in the 1950s, when the American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene formalized the concept of a regular language. They came into common use with Unix text-processing utilities. Different syntaxes for writing regular expressions have existed since the 1980s, one being the POSIX standard and another, widely used, being the Perl syntax. Regular expressions are used in search engines, in search and replace dialogs of word processors and text editors, in text processing utilities such as sed and AWK, and in lexical analysis. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brzozowski Derivative
In theoretical computer science, in particular in formal language theory, the Brzozowski derivative u^S of a set S of strings and a string u is the set of all strings obtainable from a string in S by cutting off the prefix u, as illustrated in the figure. Formally: u^S = \. It was introduced under various different names since the late 1950s. Today it is named after the computer scientist Janusz Brzozowski who investigated its properties and gave an algorithm to compute the derivative of a generalized regular expression. Definition Even though originally studied for regular expressions, the definition applies to arbitrary formal languages. Given any formal language S over an alphabet \Sigma and any string u \in \Sigma^*, the derivative of S with respect to u is defined as: :u^S = \ The Brzozowski derivative is a special case of left quotient by a singleton set containing only u: \ u^S = \ \;\backslash\; S. Equivalently, for all u,v \in \Sigma^*: :v \in u^S \;\Leftrighta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Formal Language
In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according to a specific set of rules. The alphabet of a formal language consists of symbols, letters, or tokens that concatenate into strings of the language. Each string concatenated from symbols of this alphabet is called a word, and the words that belong to a particular formal language are sometimes called ''well-formed words'' or '' well-formed formulas''. A formal language is often defined by means of a formal grammar such as a regular grammar or context-free grammar, which consists of its formation rules. In computer science, formal languages are used among others as the basis for defining the grammar of programming languages and formalized versions of subsets of natural languages in which the words of the language represent concepts that are associated with particular meanings or semantics. In computational compl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Projection In Relational Algebra
In relational algebra, a projection is a unary operation written as \Pi_( R ), where R is a relation and a_1,...,a_n are attribute names. Its result is defined as the set obtained when the components of the tuples in R are restricted to the set \ – it ''discards'' (or ''excludes'') the other attributes. In practical terms, if a relation is thought of as a table, then projection can be thought of as picking a subset of its columns. For example, if the attributes are (name, age), then projection of the relation onto attribute list (age) yields – we have discarded the names, and only know what ages are present. Projections may also modify attribute values. For example, if R has attributes a, b, c, where the values of b are numbers, then \Pi_( R ) is like R, but with all b-values halved.http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~pmundur/courses/CMSC661-02/rel-alg.pdf ''See Problem 3.8.B on page 3'' Related concepts The closely related concept in set theory (see: projection (set theory)) differs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ASCII
ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Because of technical limitations of computer systems at the time it was invented, ASCII has just 128 code points, of which only 95 are , which severely limited its scope. All modern computer systems instead use Unicode, which has millions of code points, but the first 128 of these are the same as the ASCII set. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the name US-ASCII for this character encoding. ASCII is one of the IEEE milestones. Overview ASCII was developed from telegraph code. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began in May 1961, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
