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Surra
Surra (from the Marathi language, Marathi ''sūra'', meaning the sound of heavy breathing through nostrils, of imitative origin) is a disease of vertebrate animals. The disease is caused by protozoan trypanosomes, specifically ''Trypanosoma evansi'', of several species which infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing fever, weakness, and lethargy which lead to weight loss and anemia. In some animals the disease is fatal unless treated. Overview An Acute (medicine), acute form of the disease, which is generally fatal unless treated, occurs in horses, donkeys, mules, cattle, buffalo, deer, camels, Article Number 21. p.2 llamas, dogs, and cats. This form is caused by ''Trypanosoma evansi'' (Steel 1885) (Balbiani 1888), and is transmitted by horse-fly, horse-flies, and also by the vampire bat, ''Desmodus rotundus'', in South-America. This form occurs in South America, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. This was the first form of pathogenic trypanosome discovered and wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trypanosoma Evansi
''Trypanosoma evansi'' is a parasitic species of excavate trypanosome in the genus ''Trypanosoma'' that is one cause of surra in animals. Discovered by Griffith Evans in 1880 at Dera Ismail Khan (British India), it is the first known trypanosome that causes infection. It is a common parasite in India and Iran and causes acute disease in camels and horses, and chronic disease in cattle and buffalo. In Pakistan, it has been found to be the most prevalent trypanosome species in donkeys. It is now established to infect other mammals, including humans. It has been proposed that ''T. evansi'' is—like '' T. equiperdum''—a derivative of '' T. brucei''. Due to the loss of part of the mitochondrial (kinetoplast) DNA ''T. evansi'' is not capable of infecting tsetse flies, the usual invertebrate vectors of trypanosomes, and establishing the subsequent life-stages. Due to its mechanical transmission ''T. evansi'' shows a very broad vector specificity including members of the genera ''T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Griffith Evans (bacteriologist)
Griffith Evans (7 August 1835 – 7 December 1935) was a Welsh physician and veterinary pathologist who was the first to determine that a trypanosome parasite was responsible for surra disease in horses while serving in British India. Described as "the man who first saw a pathogenic trypanosome", he identified the causal organism as a haematozoon (blood parasite) in 1880 which was given the species name '' Trypanosoma evansi'' after him. Biography Evans was born in Ty-mawr, Towyn, Wales, as the only son to Evan Evans (1801–1882) and Mary Jones (1809–1877). Coming from a wealthy family with an illustrious history he went to school at Bryn-crug and later studied privately under a local medical doctor John Pughe at Aberdovey and Towyn. Due to family circumstances, Pughe suggested that Evans could become a veterinarian in shorter time than as a doctor. He joined the course, bought himself a microscope for private study, and qualified at the top of his MRCVS batch in 1855 f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsetse Fly
Tsetse ( , or ) (sometimes spelled tzetze; also known as tik-tik flies) are large, biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus ''Glossina'', which are placed in their own family, Glossinidae. The tsetse is an obligate parasite, which lives by feeding on the blood of vertebrate animals. Tsetse has been extensively studied because of their role in transmitting disease. They have pronounced economic and public health impacts in sub-Saharan Africa as the Vector (epidemiology), biological vectors of trypanosomes, causing African trypanosomiasis, human and animal trypanosomiasis. Tsetse can be distinguished from other large flies by two easily-observed features: primarily, tsetse fold their wings over their abdomens completely when they are resting (so that one wing rests directly on top of the other); Secondly, tsetse also have a long proboscis, extending directly forward, which is attached by a distinct bulb to the bottom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trypanosoma Suis
''Trypanosoma suis'' is a species of excavate trypanosome in the genus ''Trypanosoma'' that causes one form of the surra disease in animals. It infects pigs. It does not infect humans. Discovery ''Trypanosoma suis'' was first encountered and described by Ochmann in 1905. He found the parasite in a herd of sick pigs in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Hence the name as the word ''suis'' means pig. Eventually it was lost in consecutive renaming of the parasite until the 1950s. Rediscovered ''Trypanosoma suis'' is rarely seen and has been lost and rediscovered several times. In the 1950s ''T. suis'' is rediscovered in Burundi by two Belgian researchers. ''T. suis'' remains the most rare member of the Salivarian trypanosomes. The only isolated specimen known of this species is kept at the Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Nairobi. The next detection was only made by Hutchinson and Gibson 2015. Newly developed molecular biology methods allowed the discovery of an uncertain ''T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glossina Fuscipes
''Glossina fuscipes'' is a riverine fly species in the genus ''Glossina'', which are commonly known as tsetse flies. Typically found in sub-Saharan Africa but with a small Arabian range, ''G. fuscipes'' is a regional vector of African trypanosomiasis, commonly known as sleeping sickness, that causes significant rates of morbidity and mortality among humans and livestock. Consequently, the species is among several being targeted by researchers and veterinary and public health authorities for population control as a method for controlling the disease. Physical description ''G. fuscipes'' are often brown or grey-brown in color. Their bodies tend to have varied dark and light patches, effectively camouflaging them on surfaces such as bark, rock, or soil. At rest, ''G. fuscipes'' appear slim as they fold their wings on their backs so that one lies on top of the other. This is in contrast to houseflies and blowflies whose wings project outward at an angle while resting on their back ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haematobia
''Haematobia'' is a genus of biting true flies of the family Muscidae. Species *'' H. exigua'' Meijere, 1906 *'' H. irritans'' (Linnaeus, 1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...) *'' H. minuta'' ( Bezzi, 1892) *'' H. potans'' ( Bezzi, 1907) *'' H. schillingsi'' ( Grünberg, 1906) *'' H. spinigera'' Malloch, 1932 *'' H. thirouxi'' ( Roubaud, 1906) *'' H. titillans'' ( Bezzi, 1907) References Muscidae Diptera of Europe Diptera of North America Diptera of Africa Diptera of Asia Muscidae genera Taxa named by Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier Taxa named by Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville {{Muscidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flies
Flies are insects of the Order (biology), order Diptera, the name being derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing more than 150,000 species including horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies, mosquitoes and others. Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large compound eyes, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great manoeuvrability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis; the eggs are often laid on the larval food-source and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horse-fly
Horse flies and deer flies are true flies in the family Tabanidae in the insect Order (biology), order Diptera. The adults are often large and agile in flight. Only females bite land vertebrates, including humans, to hematophagy, obtain blood. They prefer to fly in sunlight, avoiding dark and shady areas, and are inactive at night. They are found all over the world except for some islands and the polar regions (Hawaii, Greenland, Iceland). Both horse flies and botflies (Oestridae) are sometimes referred to as gadflies. Adult horse flies feed on nectar and plant exudates; males have weak insect mouthparts, mouthparts, but females have mouthparts strong enough to puncture the skin of large animals. This is for the purpose of obtaining enough protein from blood to produce eggs. The mouthparts of females are formed into a stout stabbing organ with two pairs of sharp cutting blades, and a spongelike part used to lap up the blood that flows from the wound. The larvae are predaceous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stomoxys
''Stomoxys'' is a genus of flies in the family Muscidae. The genus is unusual among the Muscidae in that it includes species that are bloodsucking ectoparasites of mammals. The best-known species is '' Stomoxys calcitrans'', most commonly known as the stable fly. The genus is small, comprising a dozen or two described species, and current evidence suggests that it is paraphyletic as well. Species *'' S. bengalensis'' Picard, 1908 *'' S. bilineatus'' Grünberg, 1906 *'' S. boueti'' Roubaud, 1911 *'' S. calcitrans'' (Linnaeus, 1758) *'' S. indicus'' Picard, 1908 *'' S. inornatus'' Grünberg, 1906 *'' S. luteolus'' Villeneuve, 1934 *'' S. '' Macquart, 1851 *'' S. ochrosoma'' Speiser, 1910 *'' S. omega'' Newstead, Dutton & Todd, 1907 *'' S. pallidus'' Roubaud, 1911 *'' S. pullus'' Austen, 1909 *'' S. sitiens'' Rondani, 1873 *'' S. stigma'' Emden, 1939 *'' S. taeniatus'' Bigot Discrimination is the process of making unfair or prejudicial distinctions between people ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warthog
''Phacochoerus'' is a genus in the family Suidae, commonly known as warthogs (pronounced ''wart-hog''). They are pigs who live in open and semi-open habitats, even in quite arid regions, in sub-Saharan Africa. The two species were formerly considered conspecific under the scientific name ''Phacochoerus aethiopicus'', but today this is limited to the desert warthog, while the best-known and most widespread species, the common warthog (or simply warthog), is ''Phacochoerus africanus''. Description left, Skull Although covered in bristly hairs, a warthog's body and head appear largely bare, from a distance, with only a crest of hair along the back and the tufts on the face and tail being obvious. The English name "wart"-hog refers to their facial wattles, which are particularly distinct in males. The males also have very prominent tusks, which reach a length of ; females' tusks are always smaller.Novak, R. M. (editor) (1999). ''Walker's Mammals of the World.'' Vol. 2. 6th editio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haematopota
''Haematopota'' is a genus of fly, flies in the horse-fly family, Tabanidae. Among the horse-flies, they are most commonly known as clegs. Many species have colorful, sinuously patterned eyes in life, a character that fades after death. The wings are typically patterned with spots of grey. The genus is named from the Ancient Greek for blood-drinker: αἷμα, haîma, blood; πότης, pótës, drinker. Some species are known to be vectors of livestock diseases. Species *''Haematopota abacis'' (Cornelius Becker Philip, Philip, 1960) *''Haematopota abbreviata'' Cornelius Becker Philip, Philip, 1959 *''Haematopota aberdarensis'' Harold Oldroyd, Oldroyd, 1952 *''Haematopota abyssinica'' Jacques Surcouf, Surcouf, 1908 *''Haematopota achlys'' Stone & Cornelius Becker Philip, Philip, 1974 *''Haematopota adami'' Ovazza, Hamon & Rickenbach, 1956 *''Haematopota adusta'' Stone & Cornelius Becker Philip, Philip, 1974 *''Haematopota albalinea'' Xu & Liao, 1985 *''Haematopota albicapilla'' F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
