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Revisionist Just War Theory
Revisionist just war theory is a development of just war theory that, unlike traditional just war theory, seeks to integrate ''jus ad bellum'' and ''jus in bello'', therefore rejecting many traditional beliefs such as moral equality of combatants. Opposing traditionalists such as Michael Walzer, revisionists include Jeff McMahan, Cécile Fabre, Bradley J. Strawser, and David Rodin David Emanuel Rodin (born 28 June 1970) is a New Zealand philosopher and senior research fellow at the University of Oxford. He is also a senior fellow at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. Rodin is the founder and chair .... References Further reading *{{cite book , last1=Strawser , first1=Bradley Jay , title=The Bounds of Defense: Killing, Moral Responsibility, and War , date=2023 , publisher=Oxford University Press , isbn=978-0-19-069251-3 , language=en Just war theory 20th century in philosophy 21st century in philosophy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Just War Theory
The just war theory () is a doctrine, also referred to as a tradition, of military ethics that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of #Criteria, criteria, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just. It has been studied by military leaders, theologians, ethicists and policymakers. The criteria are split into two groups: ("right to go to war") and ("right conduct in war"). There have been calls for the inclusion of a third category of just war theory (''jus post bellum'') dealing with the morality of post-war settlement and reconstruction. The just war theory postulates the belief that war, while it is terrible but less so with the right conduct, is not always the worst option. The just war theory presents a justifiable means of war with justice being an objective of armed conflict. Important responsibilities, undesirable outcomes, or preventable atrocities may justify war. Opponents of the just war theory may either be inclined to a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jus Ad Bellum
' ( or ), literally "right to war" in Latin, refers to "the conditions under which States may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general". Jus ad bellum is one pillar of just war theory. Just war theory states that war should only be condoned under 'just' conditions. Jus ad bellum simply limits the causes for which war can be considered justifiable. The other parts of just war theory include jus in bello (just actions in war) and jus post bellum (justice after war). Historical background The history of jus ad bellum dates back to early religious and philosophical ideas. There are references to the idea of morally fought wars dating back to ancient civilizations. Thousands of years later, these ideas still stand in today's society. Early foundations Many of the ancient civilizations have shown some degree of understanding of just war. One example can be found in Ancient Egypt. Early Egyptians viewed themselves as the cosmological center of civility. Therefore th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jus In Bello
The law of war is a component of international law that regulates the conditions for initiating war (''jus ad bellum'') and the conduct of hostilities (''jus in bello''). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of law. Among other issues, modern laws of war address the declarations of war, acceptance of surrender and the treatment of prisoners of war, military necessity, along with ''distinction'' and ''proportionality''; and the prohibition of certain weapons that may cause unnecessary suffering. The ''law of war'' is considered distinct from other bodies of law—such as the domestic law of a particular belligerent to a conflict—which may provide additional legal limits to the conduct or justification of war. Early sources and history The first traces of a law of war come from the Babylonians. It is the Code of Hammurabi, king of Babylon, which in 1750 B.C., explains its laws imposing a code o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moral Equality Of Combatants
The moral equality of combatants (MEC) or moral equality of soldiers is the principle that soldiers fighting on both sides of a war are equally honorable, unless they commit war crimes, regardless of whether they fight for a just cause. MEC is a key element underpinning international humanitarian law (IHL)—which applies the rules of war equally to both sides—and traditional just war theory. According to philosopher Henrik Syse, MEC presents a serious quandary because "it makes as little practical sense to ascribe blame to individual soldiers for the cause of the war in which they fight as it makes theoretical sense to hold the fighters on the two sides to be fully morally equal". The moral equality of combatants has been cited in relation to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict or the U.S.-led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Traditional view MEC as a formal doctrine was articulated in ''Just and Unjust Wars'' (1977) by Michael Walzer, although earlier just war theorists such as A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Walzer
Michael Laban Walzer (born March 3, 1935) is an American Political theory, political theorist and public intellectual. A professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, he is editor emeritus of the left-wing magazine ''Dissent (American magazine), Dissent,'' which he has been affiliated with since his years as an undergraduate at Brandeis University, an advisory editor of the Jews, Jewish journal ''Fathom Journal, Fathom,'' and sits on the editorial board of the ''Jewish Review of Books.'' He has written books and essays on a wide range of topics—many in political ethics—including Just war theory, just and unjust wars, nationalism, ethnicity, Zionism, antisemitism, economic justice, social criticism, Radicalization, radicalism, Toleration, tolerance, and political obligation. He is also a contributing editor to ''The New Republic''. To date, he has written 27 books and published over 300 articles, essays, and book reviews in ''Dissent ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jeff McMahan (philosopher)
Jefferson Allen McMahan ( ; born August 30, 1954) is an American moral philosopher. He has been Sekyra and White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford since 2014. Education and career In 1976, McMahan completed a B.A. degree in English literature at the University of the South (Sewanee). In 1978, he got a second B.A., in philosophy, politics, and economics, then did graduate work in philosophy at Corpus Christi College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. In 1983, he earned his M.A. at the University of Oxford. He was offered a research studentship at St John's College, Cambridge. He studied first under Jonathan Glover and Derek Parfit at the University of Oxford and was later supervised by Bernard Williams at the University of Cambridge, where he was a research fellow of St John's College from 1983 to 1986. He received his doctorate in 1986 from the University of Cambridge. His thesis title was ''Problems of Population Theory''. He taught at the University of Il ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cécile Fabre
Cécile Fabre (born 1971) is a French philosopher, serving as professor of philosophy at the University of Oxford. Since 2014 she has been a senior research fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. Her research focuses on political philosophy, the ethics of war, bioethics, and theories of justice. Early life Fabre was born on 2 February 1971 in Paris, France. From 1989 to 1992, she studied at Paris-Sorbonne University. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1992. She then moved to England to study political philosophy at the University of York and completed a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1993. From 1993, she undertook postgraduate study in politics at the University of Oxford. Her supervisor was G. A. Cohen and she completed her Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in 1997. Career and honours Fabre served as Proctor of the University of Oxford from March 2018 to March 2019. She was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 2011. In 2023 she was elected ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bradley J
Joseph Philo Bradley (March 14, 1813 – January 22, 1892) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1870 to 1892. He was also a member of the Electoral Commission that decided the disputed 1876 United States presidential election. Early life The son of Philo Bradley and Mercy Gardner Bradley, Bradley was born to humble beginnings in Berne, New York. He was the oldest of 12 children. He attended local schools and began teaching at the age of 16. In 1833, the Dutch Reformed Church of Berne advanced Joseph Bradley $250 to study for the ministry at Rutgers University. He graduated in 1836. After graduation, he was made Principal of the Millstone Academy, and decided to study law. He was persuaded by his Rutgers classmate Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen to join him in Newark and pursue legal studies at the Office of the Collector of the Port of Newark. He was admitted to the bar in 1839. Bradley began in private pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Rodin
David Emanuel Rodin (born 28 June 1970) is a New Zealand philosopher and senior research fellow at the University of Oxford. He is also a senior fellow at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. Rodin is the founder and chair of Principia Advisory and is known for his works on ethics of war. Books * ''War and Self-Defense'', Oxford University Press, 2002 * ''The Ethics of War: Shared Problems in Different Traditions'', David Rodin and Richard Sorabji Sir Richard Rustom Kharsedji Sorabji, (born 8 November 1934) is a British historian of ancient Western philosophy, and Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at King's College London. He is the nephew of Cornelia Sorabji. Life Richard Sorabji was b ... (Eds.), Ashgate, London, 2006 * ''War, Terrorism and Torture'', David Rodin (Ed.), Blackwell, Oxford, 2007 * ''Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification'', co-edited with Henry Shue, Oxford University Press, 2010, * ''Just and Unjust Warriors: The Lega ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Just War Theory
The just war theory () is a doctrine, also referred to as a tradition, of military ethics that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of #Criteria, criteria, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just. It has been studied by military leaders, theologians, ethicists and policymakers. The criteria are split into two groups: ("right to go to war") and ("right conduct in war"). There have been calls for the inclusion of a third category of just war theory (''jus post bellum'') dealing with the morality of post-war settlement and reconstruction. The just war theory postulates the belief that war, while it is terrible but less so with the right conduct, is not always the worst option. The just war theory presents a justifiable means of war with justice being an objective of armed conflict. Important responsibilities, undesirable outcomes, or preventable atrocities may justify war. Opponents of the just war theory may either be inclined to a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
20th Century In Philosophy
Contemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the early 20th century with the increasing professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy. The phrase "contemporary philosophy" is a piece of technical terminology in philosophy that refers to a specific period in the history of Western philosophy (namely the philosophy of the 20th and 21st centuries). However, the phrase is often confused with modern philosophy (which refers to an earlier period in Western philosophy), postmodern philosophy (which refers to some philosophers' criticisms of modern philosophy), and with a non-technical use of the phrase referring to any recent philosophic work. Professionalization Process Professionalization is the social process by which any trade or occupation establishes the group norms of conduct, acceptable qualifications for membership of the profession, a professional body or association to oversee th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
