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Qhapaq Hucha
''Capacocha'' or ''Qhapaq hucha''''Of Summits and Sacrifice: An Ethnohistoric Study of Inka Religious Practices'', University of Texas Press, 2009 ( qu, qhapaq noble, solemn, principal, mighty, royal, crime, sin, guilt Hispanicized spellings , , , also ) was an important sacrificial rite among the Inca that typically involved the sacrifice of children. Children of both sexes were selected from across the Inca empire for sacrifice in ''capacocha'' ceremonies,D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003). The Incas (Reprinted ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Pub. . which were performed at important shrines distributed across the empire, known as , or . ''Capacocha'' ceremonies took place under several circumstances. Some could be undertaken as the result of key events in the life of the Sapa Inca, the Inca Emperor, such as his ascension to the throne, an illness, his death, the birth of a son. At other times, ''Capacocha'' ceremonies were undertaken to stop natural disasters performed as major festivals or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Replica Of The Plomo Mummy At The Museo Nacional De Historia Natural In Sangtiago Chile 2009 May 24
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with pronouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as (homophone of pronoun '' thee'') when followed by a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cristóbal De Molina
Cristóbal de Molina, called «el Cusqueño» (from Cusco), (Baeza, Spain, circa 1529 - Cusco, 1585) was a Spanish colonial clergy and chronicler who was very fluent in Quechua. He spent most of his life in Cusco, Peru and became a reputable reporter of the pre-Colonial Andean culture. He was the author of the manuscript (Account of the fables and rites of the Incas), an invaluable source of information about the Incas and an in-depth report on Andean culture at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.Bauer, Brian S.; Smith-Oka Vania; Cantarutti, Gabriel E. (editors) (2011) Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas by Cristóbal de Molina - With an introduction by Brian S. Bauer - University of Texas Press Life Nothing is known of Molina's childhood and youth. In his manuscript he states being born in Baeza, Spain, sometime before 1530, but reveals nothing more about his life prior to his arrival in Cusco where he settled in 1556 at the age of about 27. He was nick ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doi (identifier)
A digital object identifier (DOI) is a persistent identifier or handle used to uniquely identify various objects, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). DOIs are an implementation of the Handle System; they also fit within the URI system ( Uniform Resource Identifier). They are widely used to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports, data sets, and official publications. DOIs have also been used to identify other types of information resources, such as commercial videos. A DOI aims to resolve to its target, the information object to which the DOI refers. This is achieved by binding the DOI to metadata about the object, such as a URL where the object is located. Thus, by being actionable and interoperable, a DOI differs from ISBNs or ISRCs which are identifiers only. The DOI system uses the indecs Content Model for representing metadata. The DOI for a document remains fixed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Andean Peaks With Known Pre-Columbian Ascents
This is an incomplete list of mountains in the Andes that are known to have had pre-Columbian ascents. It is divided into those peaks for which there is direct evidence of an ascent to the summit, and those peaks where evidence has been found only at a lower altitude on the mountain. Ascents were made for religious purposes by groups affiliated with the Inca Empire. These ascents sometimes involved the ritual child sacrifice known as '' qhapaq hucha''. Mountains with known ascents to the summit Image:Coropuna.jpg, Coropuna, main summit on the left, Kasulla on the right. Image:Alto Toroni from the west.jpg, There is a large platform on the summit of Alto Toroni. Image:Licancabur volcano summit chile ii region.jpg, View of Licancabur from near San Pedro de Atacama. Image:Antofalla-sunset.jpg, Antofalla seen from the north. Image:Chozas dobles.jpg, Two small ruined dwellings at about 6700m on Llullaillaco Llullaillaco () is a dormant stratovolcano at the border of Argentina ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Child Sacrifice In Pre-Columbian Cultures
300px, Aztec burial of a sacrificed child at Tlatelolco. The practice of human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures, in particular Mesoamerican and South American cultures, is well documented both in the archaeological records and in written sources. The exact ideologies behind child sacrifice in different pre-Columbian cultures are unknown but it is often thought to have been performed to placate certain gods. Mesoamerica Olmec culture Although there is no incontrovertible evidence of child sacrifice in the Olmec civilization, full skeletons of newborn or unborn infants, as well as dismembered femurs and skulls, have been found at the El Manatí sacrificial bog. These bones are associated with sacrificial offerings, particularly wooden busts. It is not known yet how the infants met their deaths. Some researchers have also associated infant sacrifice with Olmec ritual art showing limp " were-jaguar" babies, most famously in La Venta's Altar 5 (to the right) or Las Limas fig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chuspas
A ''chuspas'' (which is Quechua for bag) is a pouch that is used to carry coca and cocoa leaves, used primarily in the Andean region of South America. Both textiles and coca are very important to the people in Andean South America. These ''chuspas'' are a vital piece of culture and are especially important to combat the bitter cold in the mountainous zones of the Andes. These bags are also a way to showcase the cloth which in itself is a primary artistic medium. Highland textiles are traditionally woven from the hair of native camelids, usually the domesticated alpacas and llamas, and more rarely, wild vicuña and guanaco. These pouches are important symbols of social identity. As part of this tradition, ''chuspas'' show to the rest of their people how skilled they are in weaving. They can express their artistic skills and display their cultural affiliation by creating these ''chuspas''. History Since the beginning of the first millennium AD, ''chuspas'' have been a constant pres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mummy Juanita
Momia Juanita (Spanish for "Mummy Juanita"), also known as the Lady of Ampato, is the well-preserved frozen body of a girl from the Inca Empire who was killed as a human sacrifice to the Inca gods sometime between 1440 and 1480, when she was approximately 12–15 years old. She was discovered on the dormant stratovolcano Mount Ampato (part of the Andes cordillera in southern Peru) in 1995 by anthropologist Johan Reinhard and his Peruvian climbing partner, Miguel Zárate. She is known as the Lady of Ampato because she was found on top of Mount Ampato. Her other nickname, the Ice Maiden, derives from the cold conditions and freezing temperatures that preserved her body on Mount Ampato. Juanita has been on display in the Catholic University of Santa María's Museum of Andean Sanctuaries (Museo Santuarios Andinos) in Arequipa, Peru almost continuously since 1996, and was displayed on a tour in Japan in 1999. In 1995, ''Time'' magazine chose her as one of the world's top ten dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ampato
Ampato (possibly from Quechua ''hamp'atu'' or from Aymara ''jamp'atu'', both meaning "frog") is a dormant stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru. It lies about northwest of Arequipa and is part of a north-south chain that includes the volcanoes Hualca Hualca and Sabancaya, the last of which has been active in historical time. Ampato consists of three volcanic cones, which lie on top of an older eroded volcanic edifice. They were formed sequentially by extrusion of lava flows, but Ampato has also had explosive eruptions which have deposited ash, lapilli and pumice in the surrounding landscape. One young lava flow has been dated to 17,000 ± 6,000 years before present, but a summit lava dome is even younger, and Holocene ash layers in surrounding peat bogs may testify to the occurrence of recent eruptions. The present-day volcano is covered by an ice cap, and during the last glacial maximum glaciers advanced to low altitudes. In 1995, an Inca mummy known as Mummy Juanita was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cumbi
Cumbi (Qunpi, Qompi, Kumpi) was a fine luxurious fabric of the Inca Empire. Elites used to offer cumbi to the rulers, and it was a reserved cloth for Royalty. Common people were not allowed to use Cumbi. Cumbi was a phenomenal textile art of Andean textiles. Structure The fabric was a fine tapestry structure woven with superfine local cotton and vicuña wool. The male weavers used upright looms. Inca textiles Textile production was the second most important after agriculture in the Inca period. The strength was the raw material like alpaca and llama wool as well as indigenous cotton. Textile materials were classified into many categories, Chusi was the coarsest cloth used for blankets and rugs.The closest to Cumbi are the following: Awsaka Awaska, a warp faced plain weave cloth with a 120 thread count for regular use, like daily household goods. Awaska was used for blankets and rugs. It was a coarse wool material from sheep or llama. Qunpi Qunpi was a finer and mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nevado Queva
Nevado Queva or Quewar is a volcano in the Andes mountain range of South America, located in the Salta Province of Argentina. Queva has a summit elevation of above sea level. Its name is alternately spelled Quehuar. There are extensive pre Columbian ruins on the summit of the mountain, which is a broad crater. It is the highest of Nevados de los Pastos Grandes and its territory is within the Argentinean protection area of Provincial Fauna Reserve Los Andes. It is located within the territory of the Argentinean province of Salta. Its slopes are within the administrative boundaries of the Argentinean city of San Antonio de los Cobres. File:Volcan Nevado de Quewar.jpg, Nevado de Quewar File:Queva_summit_ruins.jpg, Pre-Columbian ruins on the summit of Nevado Queva First Ascent Quewar was climbed by the Incas and evidence of such ascents is currently found on the summit in the form of a 80 square metre platform found for the first time in 1974 by Antonio Beorchia Nigris. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Llullaillaco
Llullaillaco () is a dormant stratovolcano at the border of Argentina (Salta Province) and Chile (Antofagasta Region). It lies in the Puna de Atacama, a region of tall volcanic peaks on a high plateau close to the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places in the world. It is the second highest active volcano in the world after Ojos del Salado. Llullaillaco formed during two different phases in the Pleistocene- Holocene out of dacitic lava flows. The oldest rocks are about 1.5 million years old. About 150,000 years ago, the volcano's southeastern flank collapsed, generating a debris avalanche that reached as far as from the summit. The youngest dated rocks were erupted 5,600 ± 250 years ago in the summit region, but there are reports of activity from the 19th century. The mountain's first recorded climb was in 1950, but traces of earlier climbs and a number of archaeological sites were found on the mountain and at its feet; Llullaillaco marks the highest archaeological site in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Llullaillaco Mummies In Salta City, Argentina
Llullaillaco () is a dormant stratovolcano at the border of Argentina (Salta Province) and Chile (Antofagasta Region). It lies in the Puna de Atacama, a region of tall volcanic peaks on a high plateau close to the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places in the world. It is the second highest active volcano in the world after Ojos del Salado. Llullaillaco formed during two different phases in the Pleistocene-Holocene out of dacitic lava flows. The oldest rocks are about 1.5 million years old. About 150,000 years ago, the volcano's southeastern flank collapsed, generating a debris avalanche that reached as far as from the summit. The youngest dated rocks were erupted 5,600 ± 250 years ago in the summit region, but there are reports of activity from the 19th century. The mountain's first recorded climb was in 1950, but traces of earlier climbs and a number of archaeological sites were found on the mountain and at its feet; Llullaillaco marks the highest archaeological site in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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