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Pulvinic Acid
Pulvinic acids are natural chemical pigments found in some lichens, derived biosynthetically from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, via dimerization and oxidative ring-cleavage of aryl pyruvic acids, a process that also produces the related pulvinones. Hydroxypulvinic acid pigments (pulvinic acid type family of pigments) have been found in ''Boletus'' (e.g. '' Boletus erythropus''), '' Boletinus'', ''Chalciporus'', ''Gyrodon'', ''Leccinum'', '' Pulveroboletus'', ''Suillus'' (e.g. ''Suillus luteus'', ''Suillus bovinus'', and ''Suillus grevillei''), ''Paxillus'' (e.g. ''Paxillus involutus''), ''Serpula'' (e.g. '' Serpula lacrymans''), '' Xerocomus'' (e.g. '' Xerocomus chrysenteron''), ''Hygrophoropsis'' (e.g. ''Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca''), '' Retiboletus'' (e.g. '' Retiboletus nigerrimus''), '' Pulveroboletus'' (e.g. '' Pulveroboletus auriflammeus''), and are generally characteristic of Boletales. In addition to pulvinone, derivatives and related pigments ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pigment
A pigment is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water. In contrast, dyes are typically soluble, at least at some stage in their use. Generally dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic compounds. Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include ochre, charcoal, and lapis lazuli. Economic impact In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of inorganic, organic, and special pigments were marketed worldwide. Estimated at around US$14.86 billion in 2018 and will rise at over 4.9% CAGR from 2019 to 2026. The global demand for pigments was roughly US$20.5 billion in 2009. According to an April 2018 report by ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', the estimated value of the pigment industry globally is $30 billion. The value of titanium dioxide – used to enhance the white brightness of many products – was placed at $13.2 billion per year, while the color Ferrari red is valued at $300 million each year. Physical principles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paxillus
''Paxillus'' is a genus of mushrooms of which most are known to be poisonous or inedible. Species include '' Paxillus involutus'' and '' Paxillus vernalis''. Two former species—''Tapinella panuoides'' and ''Tapinella atrotomentosa''—have now been transferred to the related genus '' Tapinella'' in the family Tapinellaceae Binder M, Larsson KH, Matheny PB, Hibbett DS. 2010. Amylocorticiales ord. nov. and Jaapiales ord. nov.: Early diverging clades of Agaricomycetidae dominated by corticioid forms. Mycologia 102:865. ''Paxillus'' means ''small stake''. Edibility While this genus has in the past been erroneously considered edible, it is now known to be poisonous and has been linked to a number of recorded fatalities. The deadly poisonings appear to have been due to eating the mushrooms raw. Species , Index Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isoxerocomic Acid
Isoxerocomic acid is a red-orange pigment found in ''Boletales''. It is the precursor to variegatic acid, and is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin. As an example, it is isolated from ''Serpula lacrymans''. It is soluble in methanol. It is the isomer of xerocomic acid Xerocomic acid is a red-orange pigment found in fungi of the order ''Boletales'' (and is named after the genus '' Xerocomus''). It is the precursor to variegatic acid, and is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin. As an example, it is isolate ... and precursor to xerocomorubin. References {{Reflist, refs= Gill, M., and Steglich, W. (1987) Pigments of fungi (Macromycetes). Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 51: 1–317. Catechols Furanones 3-Hydroxypropenals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xerocomic Acid
Xerocomic acid is a red-orange pigment found in fungi of the order ''Boletales'' (and is named after the genus '' Xerocomus''). It is the precursor to variegatic acid, and is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin. As an example, it is isolated from ''Serpula lacrymans''. It is soluble in methanol. An oxidase acting on xerocomic acid is responsible for the "bluing" reaction seen in mushrooms. Condensation of two units of xerocomic acid form the pigments sclerocitrin, badione A, and also norbadione A, which are found in the mushroom ''Scleroderma citrinum ''Scleroderma citrinum'', commonly known as the common earthball, pigskin poison puffball, or common earth ball, is the most common species of earthball in the UK and occurs widely in woods, heathland and in short grass from autumn to winter. '' ...'' Pers. Variants include isoxerocomic acid and ''O''-methylxerocomic acid. References {{Reflist, refs= {{cite book, last1=Gill, first1=M., last2=Steglich, first2= W., yea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atromentic Acid
Atromentic acid is a red-organge pigment found in fungi within the Boletales group. It is the precursor to variegatic acid and xerocomic acid, and is preceded by atromentin. As an example, it is isolated from ''Serpula lacrymans ''Serpula lacrymans'' is one of the fungi that cause damage to timber referred to as dry rot. It is a basidiomycete in the order Boletales. The ''Serpula lacrymans'' has the ability to rapidly colonise sites through unique and highly specialise ...''. It is soluble in methanol. Variants include homoatromentic acid. This pigment has been studied and elucidated by Wolfgang Steglich and colleagues over decades. When atromentin is oxidised with hydrogen peroxide a yellow product is produced. A sodium hydroxide solution is also yellow, but when this is neutralized with acid the red atromentic acid crystallises. Concentrated potassium hydroxide breaks up the compound to p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and oxalic acid. References {{Reflist, refs= Gill, M., a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pulveroboletus Auriflammeus
''Aureoboletus auriflammeus'', commonly known as the flaming gold bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1872, it is found in eastern North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oaks. The caps of the fruit bodies are golden orange, with a yellow pore surface on the underside, and a reticulated (network-like) stem. The edibility of the mushroom is not known. Taxonomy The species was first described scientifically by English mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1872, based on specimens collected in North Carolina and sent to him by Moses Ashley Curtis. Berkeley and Curtis named it ''Boletus auriflammeus''. Berkeley called it "a lovely species", and thought it to be related to two other boletes he described in the same publication: '' Boletus hemichrysus'' and '' Boletus ravenelii''. It was later transferred to ''Ceriomyces'' by William Alphonso Murrill in 1909, a genus that has since been folded into ''Bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retiboletus Nigerrimus
''Retiboletus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. The genus, first described in 2002, contains six species distributed in north temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ... regions. References External links * Boletaceae Boletales genera {{Boletales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retiboletus
''Retiboletus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. The genus, first described in 2002, contains six species distributed in north temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ... regions. References External links * Boletaceae Boletales genera {{Boletales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrophoropsis Aurantiaca
''Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca'', commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten internationally. Austrian naturalist Franz Xaver von Wulfen described the false chanterelle in 1781, noting both its resemblance with the true chanterelles and people's propensity to confuse them. The false chanterelle was then placed in the genus '' Clitocybe'', but it was later observed that its forked gills and dextrinoid spores indicated a relationship to ''Paxillus''. Gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygrophoropsis
''Hygrophoropsis'' is a genus of gilled fungi in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It was circumscribed in 1888 to contain the type species, '' H. aurantiaca'', a widespread fungus that, based on its appearance, has been affiliated with ''Cantharellus'', ''Clitocybe'', and '' Paxillus''. Modern molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the genus belongs to the suborder Coniophorineae of the order Boletales. There are 16 accepted species of ''Hygrophoropsis'', found in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. ''Hygrophoropsis'' is a saprophytic genus that causes brown rot in the wood it colonises. The fruit bodies grow on the ground in woodlands, on moss, peat, and on woodchips. They are convex to infundibuliform (funnel-shaped) and have decurrent, forked brightly colored gills. The spores are dextrinoid, meaning that they stain reddish-brown in Melzer's reagent. Because ''H. aurantiaca'' has orange gills, it has been mistaken for a chanterelle, and hence it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xerocomus Chrysenteron
''Xerocomellus chrysenteron'', formerly known as ''Boletus chrysenteron'' or ''Xerocomus chrysenteron'', is a small, edible, wild mushroom in the family Boletaceae. These mushrooms have tubes and pores instead of gills beneath their caps. It is commonly known as the red cracking bolete. Taxonomy This mushroom was first described and named as ''Boletus communis'' in 1789 by the eminent French botanist Jean Baptiste Francois Pierre Bulliard. Two years later, in 1791, it was given the specific epithet ''chrysenteron'' by the same author, the species name coming from the Ancient Greek words ''khrysos'' "gold" and ''enteron'' "innards". In 1888, Lucien Quelet placed it in the new genus ''Xerocomus'', retaining the ''chrysenteron'' epithet. This binomial was generally accepted until 1985 when Marcel Bon decided to resurrect the former specific epithet ''communis'', which resulted in the binomial ''Xerocomus communis''. While it recently resided back in the genus ''Boletus'', a''B. c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xerocomus
''Xerocomus'' is a genus of poroid fungi related to ''Boletus''. Many mycologists did not originally recognize the distinction between the two genera and placed ''Xerocomus'' taxa in genus ''Boletus''. However, several molecular phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that ''Xerocomus'' is a heterogeneous genus of polyphyletic origin, which has resulted in further division of ''Xerocomus'' into '' Xerocomellus'' and '' Hemileccinum''. The members of the genus ''Xerocomellus'' are more closely related to ''Boletus'' than true ''Xerocomus'' is, which is relatively distantly related to ''Boletus'' and more closely related to ''Phylloporus''. Other former ''Xerocomus'' species have since been moved to ''Aureoboletus'', '' Imleria'', '' Hortiboletus'' and '' Rheubarbariboletus''. Ladurner and Simonini published a monograph on ''Xerocomus'' in 2003, but this predated the taxonomical revisions based on phylogenetic inferences. In 2008, Hills included 18 species found in Britain, not inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
