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Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a rare type of immune cell that are known to secrete large quantities of type 1 interferon (IFNs) in response to a viral infection. They circulate in the blood and are found in peripheral lymphoid organs. They develop from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and constitute 2% of nucleated cells) and bone marrow and evidence (i.e. cytopenias) of bone marrow failure. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm has a high rate of recurrence following initial treatments with various chemotherapy regimens. In consequence, the disease has a poor overall prognosis and newer chemotherapeutic and novel non-chemotherapeutic drug regimens to improve the situation are under study. Role in immunity Upon stimulation and subsequent activation of TLR7 and TLR9, these cells produce large amounts (up to 1,000 times more than other cell type) of type I interferon (mainly IFN-α and IFN-β), which are critical anti-viral compounds mediating a wide range of e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immune Cell
White blood cells (scientific name leukocytes), also called immune cells or immunocytes, are cell (biology), cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign entities. White blood cells are generally larger than red blood cells. They include three main subtypes: granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. All white blood cells have cell nucleus, nuclei, which distinguishes them from the other blood cells, the anucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets. The different white blood cells are usually classified by cell division, cell lineage (myelocyte, myeloid cells or lymphocyte, lymphoid cells). White blood cells are part of the body's immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases. Types of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MHC Class I
MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of vertebrates. They also occur on platelets, but not on red blood cells. Their function is to display peptide fragments of proteins from within the cell to cytotoxic T cells; this will trigger an immediate response from the immune system against a particular non-self antigen displayed with the help of an MHC class I protein. Because MHC class I molecules present peptides derived from cytosolic proteins, the pathway of MHC class I presentation is often called ''cytosolic'' or ''endogenous pathway''. In humans, the HLAs corresponding to MHC class I are HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. Function Class I MHC molecules bind peptides generated mainly from the degradation of cytosolic proteins by the proteasome. The MHC I: peptide complex is then inserted via the endoplasmic re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ILT7
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 4 (LILR-A5) also known as CD85 antigen-like family member G (CD85g), and immunoglobulin-like transcript 7 (ILT-7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LILRA4'' gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei .... This gene encodes an immunoglobulin-like cell surface protein preferentially expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs). This gene is highly expressed in PDCs, and is found to be rapidly down-regulated by interleukin 3 (IL3). This gene is one of the 19 highly related genes that form a leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor gene cluster (LRC) at chromosomal region 19q13.4. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * {{refend Immunoglobulin superfamily ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SsRNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA). RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are nucleic acids. The nucleic acids constitute one of the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (using the nitrogenous bases of guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine, denoted by the letters G, U, A, and C) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome. Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions, controlling gene expression, or sensing and communicating responses to cellular signals. One of these active processes is protein synthesis, a universal function in which RNA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TLR9
Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR9'' gene. TLR9 has also been designated as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. TLR9 is an important receptor expressed in immune system cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen presenting cells. TLR9 is expressed on endosomes internalized from the plasma membrane, binds DNA (preferentially DNA containing unmethylated CpGs of bacterial or viral origin), and triggers signaling cascades that lead to a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Cancer, infection, and tissue damage can all modulate TLR9 expression and activation. TLR9 is also an important factor in autoimmune diseases, and there is active research into synthetic TLR9 agonists and antagonists that help regulate autoimmune inflammation. Function The TLR family plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TLR7
Toll-like receptor 7, also known as TLR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR7'' gene. Orthologs are found in mammals and birds. It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and detects single stranded RNA. Function The TLR family plays an important role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from ''Drosophila'' to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is predominantly expressed in lung, placenta, and spleen, and lies in close proximity to another family member, TLR8, on the human X chromosome. TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA in endosomes, which is a common feature of viral genomes which are internalized by macrophages and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BDCA-2
CLEC4C is a membrane protein of plasmacytoid dendritic cells used as a marker for this kind of cells and denoted as CD303 in the nomenclature of the Cluster of differentiation The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification determinant and often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophe .... References External links * C-type lectins {{gene-12-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD123
The interleukin-3 receptor ( CD123) is a molecule found on cells which helps transmit the signal of interleukin-3, a soluble cytokine important in the immune system. The gene coding for the receptor is located in the pseudoautosomal region of the X and Y chromosomes. The receptor belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family and is a heterodimer with a unique alpha chain paired with the common beta (beta c or CD131) subunit. The gene for the alpha subunit is 40 kilobases long and has 12 exons. Cell types and function The receptor, found on pluripotent progenitor cells, induces tyrosine phosphorylation within the cell and promotes proliferation and differentiation within the hematopoietic cell lines. It can be found on basophils and pDCs as well as some cDCs among peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CD123 is expressed across acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subtypes, including leukemic stem cell In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HLA-DR
HLA-DR is an MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. The complex of HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen – DR isotype) and peptide, generally between 9 and 30 amino acids in length, constitutes a ligand for the T-cell receptor (TCR). HLA (human leukocyte antigens) were originally defined as cell surface antigens that mediate graft-versus-host disease. Identification of these antigens has led to greater success and longevity in organ transplant. Antigens most responsible for graft loss are HLA-DR (first six months), HLA-B (first two years), and HLA-A (long-term survival). Good matching of these antigens between host and donor is most critical for achieving graft survival. HLA-DR is also involved in several autoimmune conditions, disease susceptibility and disease resistance. It is also closely linked to HLA-DQ and this linkage often makes it difficult to resolve the more causative factor in disease. HLA-DR mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CCR7
C-C chemokine receptor type 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCR7'' gene. Two ligands have been identified for this receptor: the chemokines (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19/ELC) and (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21). The ligands have similar affinity for the receptor, though CCL19 has been shown to induce internalisation of CCR7 and desensitisation of the cell to CCL19/CCL21 signals. CCR7 is a transmembrane protein with 7 transmembrane domains, which is coupled with heterotrimeric G proteins, which transduce the signal downstream through various signalling cascades. The main function of the receptor is to guide immune cells to immune organs (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen) by detecting specific chemokines, which these tissues secrete. CCR7 has also recently been designated CD197 (cluster of differentiation 197). Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family. This receptor was identified as a gene induced by the Epstein–B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD83
CD83 (Cluster of Differentiation 83) is a human protein encoded by the gene. Structure The membrane-bound form of CD83 consists of an extracellular Immunoglobulin superfamily, V-type immunoglobulin-like domain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic Signal transduction, signaling tail. A free soluble form consists of the immunoglobulin-like domain alone. Membrane-bound CD83 is expected to form trimers. Soluble CD83 is able to assemble into dodecameric complexes. Gene The CD83 gene is located on human chromosome 6p23 and mouse chromosome 13. In humans, a Promoter (genetics), promoter 261 bp upstream consists of five NFκB, NF-κB and three Interferon regulatory factors, interferon regulatory factor binding sites, reflecting the involvement of CD83 in inflammation, as well as binding sites for the AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The latter also occur in an Enhancer (genetics), enhancer sequence located 185 bp downstream, inside the second intron, and may suggest negative re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
