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Metatarsophalangeal
The metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP joints) are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones (proximal phalanges) of the toes. They are analogous to the knuckles of the hand, and are consequently known as toe knuckles in common speech. They are condyloid joints, meaning that an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) comes close to a shallow cavity (of the proximal phalanges). The region of skin directly below the joints forms the ball of the foot. The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral. Movements The movements permitted in the metatarsophalangeal joints are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction. File:The feet of C. H. Unthan, the armless fiddler Wellcome L0034227.jpg, Left: toes adducted (pulled towards the center) and spread (abducted); right, both feet clenched (plantar flexed) File:Footgym rings1.jpg, The upper foot is clenching (plantarflexing) at the MTP joints and at the joints of the to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metatarsophalangeal Joint Sprain
A metatarsophalangeal joint sprain is an injury to the connective tissue between the foot and a toe (at a metatarsophalangeal joint, one of the joints in the ball of the foot). When the big toe is involved, it is known as "turf toe". Causes Turf toe is named from the injury being associated with playing sports on rigid surfaces such as artificial turf and is a fairly common injury among professional American football players. Often, the injury occurs when someone or something falls on the back of the calf while that leg's knee and tips of the toes are touching the ground. The toe is hyperextended and thus the joint is injured. Additionally, athletic shoes with very flexible soles combined with cleats that "grab" the turf will cause overextension of the big toe. This can occur on the lesser toes as well. It has also been observed in sports beyond American football, including soccer, baseball, basketball, rugby, volleyball, and tae kwon do. This is a primary reason why many at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hallux Rigidus
Hallux rigidus or stiff big toe is degenerative arthritis and stiffness due to bone spurs that affects the metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP) at the base of the hallux (big toe). Hallux flexus was initially described by Davies-Colley in 1887 as a plantar flexed posture of phalanx relative to the metatarsal head. About the same time, Cotterill first used the term ''hallux rigidus''. Signs and symptoms * Pain and stiffness in the joint at the base of the big toe during use (walking, standing, bending, etc.) * Difficulty with certain activities (running, squatting) * Swelling and inflammation around the joint Although the condition is degenerative, it can occur in patients who are relatively young, particularly active sports people who have at some time suffered trauma to the joint (turf toe). A notable example is NBA The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league in North America composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Cana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bunion
A bunion, also known as hallux valgus, is a deformity of the metatarsophalangeal joint, MTP joint connecting the big toe to the foot. The big toe often bends towards the other toes and the joint becomes red and painful. The onset of bunions is typically gradual. Complications may include bursitis or arthritis. The exact cause is unclear. Proposed factors include wearing overly tight shoes, high-heeled shoes, family history, and rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by radiographs, X-rays. A similar condition of the little toe is referred to as a bunionette. Treatment may include proper shoes, orthotics, or NSAIDs. If this is not effective for improving symptoms, surgery may be performed. It affects about 23% of adults. Females are affected more often than males. Usual age of onset is between 20 and 50 years old. The condition also becomes more common with age. It was first clearly described in 1870. Archaeology, Archaeologists have iden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interphalangeal Joints Of The Foot
The interphalangeal joints of the foot are the joints between the phalanx bones of the toes in the feet. Since the great toe only has two phalanx bones ( proximal and distal phalanges), it only has one interphalangeal joint, which is often abbreviated as the "IP joint". The rest of the toes each have three phalanx bones (proximal, middle, and distal phalanges), so they have two interphalangeal joints: the proximal interphalangeal joint between the proximal and middle phalanges (abbreviated "PIP joint") and the distal interphalangeal joint between the middle and distal phalanges (abbreviated "DIP joint"). All interphalangeal joints are ginglymoid (hinge) joints, and each has a plantar (underside) and two collateral ligaments. In the arrangement of these ligaments, extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments, which is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations. Movements The only movements permitted in the joints of the digits are flexion and ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proximal Phalanges
The phalanges (: phalanx ) are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates. In primates, the thumbs and big toes have two phalanges while the other digits have three phalanges. The phalanges are classed as long bones. Structure The phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot. There are 56 phalanges in the human body, with fourteen on each hand and foot. Three phalanges are present on each finger and toe, with the exception of the thumb and big toe, which possess only two. The middle and far phalanges of the fifth toes are often fused together (symphalangism). The phalanges of the hand are commonly known as the finger bones. The phalanges of the foot differ from the hand in that they are often shorter and more compressed, especially in the proximal phalanges, those closest to the torso. A phalanx is named according to whether it is proximal, middle, or distal and its associated finger or toe. The proximal phalan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metatarsal Bones
The metatarsal bones or metatarsus (: metatarsi) are a group of five long bones in the midfoot, located between the tarsal bones (which form the heel and the ankle) and the phalanges ( toes). Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (the side of the great toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal (often depicted with Roman numerals). The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. The lengths of the metatarsal bones in humans are, in descending order, second, third, fourth, fifth, and first. A bovine hind leg has two metatarsals. Structure The five metatarsals are dorsal convex long bones consisting of a shaft or body, a base ( proximally), and a head ( distally).Platzer 2004, p. 220 The body is prismoid in form, tapers gradually from the tarsal to the phalangeal extremity, and is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above. The base or posterior extremity is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Condyloid Joint
A condyloid joint (also called condylar, ellipsoidal, or bicondylar) is an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. Examples Examples include: * the wrist-joint * metacarpophalangeal joints * metatarsophalangeal joints * atlanto-occipital joints These are also called ellipsoid joints. The oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of the other bone. These joints allow biaxial movements — i.e., forward and backward, or from side to side, but not rotation. Radiocarpal joint and metacarpophalangeal joint are examples of condyloid joints. An example of an Ellipsoid joint is the wrist; it functions similarly to the ball and socket joint The ball-and-socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of anoth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Adductors Of The Human Body
Adduction is an anatomical term of motion referring to a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the middle sagittal plane of the body. Upper limb Arm and shoulder * of arm at shoulder (lowering arm) **Subscapularis ** Teres major ** Pectoralis major ** Triceps brachii (long head) ** Latissimus dorsi ** Coracobrachialis Hand and wrist * of hand at wrist ** Flexor carpi ulnaris ** Extensor carpi ulnaris * of fingers ** Palmar interossei * of thumb ** Adductor pollicis Lower limb * of thigh at hip ** medial compartment of thigh/adductor muscles of the hip *** Adductor longus *** Adductor brevis *** Adductor magnus *** Pectineus *** Gracilis Foot and toes * of toes (S2-S3) ** Adductor hallucis ** Plantar interossei Other * eyeball ** Superior rectus muscle ** Inferior rectus muscle ** Medial rectus muscle * jaw (muscles of mastication, the closing of the jaw is adduction): ** masseter ** pterygoid muscles (lateral and medial) ** temporalis * voc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knuckle
The knuckles are the joints of the fingers. The word is cognate to similar words in other Germanic languages, such as the Dutch "knokkel" (knuckle) or German "Knöchel" (ankle), i.e., ''Knöchlein'', the diminutive of the German word for bone (''Knochen''). Anatomically, it is said that the knuckles consist of the metacarpophalangealUtah Mountain BikingThumb Sprain First as metacarpo. (MCP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints of the finger. The knuckles at the base of the fingers may be referred to as the 1st or major knuckles while the knuckles at the midfinger are known as the 2nd and 3rd, or minor, knuckles. However, the ordinal terms are used inconsistently and may refer to any of the knuckles. Cracking The physical mechanism behind the popping or cracking sound heard when cracking joints such as knuckles was elucidated in 2015 by cine MRI to be caused by tribonucleation as a gas bubble forms in the synovial fluid that bathes the joint. Despite this evidence, many still be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumduction (anatomy)
Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomists and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes. In general, motion is classified according to the anatomical plane it occurs in. ''Flexion'' and ''extension'' are examples of ''angular'' motions, in which two axes of a joint are brought closer together or moved further apart. ''Rotational'' motion may occur at other joints, for example the shoulder, and are described as ''internal'' or ''external''. Other terms, such as ''elevation'' and ''depression'', describe movement above or below the horizontal plane. Many anatomic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flexion
Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terminology, anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of Organ (anatomy), organs, joints, Limb (anatomy), limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomy, Anatomists and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes. In general, motion is classified according to the anatomical plane it occurs in. ''Flexion'' and ''extension'' are examples of ''angular'' motions, in which two axes of a joint are brought closer together or moved further apart. ''Rotational'' motion may occur at other joints, for example the shoulder, and are described as ''internal'' or ''external''. Other terms, such as ''elevation'' and ''depression'', descri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Abductors Of The Human Body
Abduction is an anatomical term of motion referring to a movement which draws a limb out to the side, away from the median sagittal plane of the body. It is thus opposed to adduction. Upper limb Arm and shoulder * of arm at shoulder (raising arm) ** Supraspinatus 0-15 ** Deltoid 15-90 Hand and wrist * of hand at wrist ** Flexor carpi radialis ** Extensor carpi radialis longus ** Extensor carpi radialis brevis * of finger ** Abductor digiti minimi ** Dorsal interossei of the hand * of thumb ** Abductor pollicis longus ** Abductor pollicis brevis Lower limb *of femur at hip ** Gluteus maximus muscle ** Gluteus medius muscle ** Gluteus minimus muscle **Sartorius muscle ** Tensor fasciae latae muscle ** Piriformis *of toe ** Abductor hallucis ** Abductor digiti minimi **Dorsal interossei of the foot Other * vocal folds ** Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle * eyeball ** Lateral rectus muscle The lateral rectus muscle is a muscle on the lateral side of the eye in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
