Marshal Of Italy
Marshal of Italy () was a rank in the Royal Italian Army (''Regio Esercito''). Originally created in 1924 by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who, upon assuming office as Prime Minister of Italy, Prime Minister, became the dictator of Fascist Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 un ... for the purpose of honoring generals Luigi Cadorna and Armando Diaz, the rank was granted to several other general officers from 1926 to 1943. The rank was the highest in the Italian Army prior to the creation of the rank of First Marshal of the Empire in 1938. The rank of Marshal of Italy was abolished in 1946 with the creation of the Italian Republic. The equivalent Royal Navy ('' Regia Marina'') rank was Grand admiral (''Grande Ammiraglio''), while the equivalent Air Force ('' Regia Aeronautica'') rank was Marshal of the Air Force (''Maresciallo dell'Aria''). The rank was form ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke Of Aosta
Prince Emanuele Filiberto Vittorio Eugenio Alberto Genova Giuseppe Maria di Savoia, 2nd Duke of Aosta (Spanish: ''Manuel Filiberto''; 13 January 1869 – 4 July 1931) was an Italian general and member of the House of Savoy, as the son of Amadeo I, and was also a cousin of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Filiberto was also commander of the Italian Third Army during World War I, which earned him the title of the "Undefeated Duke". After the war he became a Marshal of Italy. Biography He was born in Genoa, the eldest son of Prince Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta (second son of King Vittorio Emanuele II) and his first wife Donna Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo della Cisterna. In 1870, Amadeo was elected King of Spain, but abdicated and returned to Italy in 1873. Amadeo died in 1890, and Emanuele Filiberto succeeded as Duke of Aosta. He began his career in the Italian Army at Naples, in 1905, as commander. During World War I, he commanded the Italian Third Army, which gained the nickname ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Emilio De Bono
Emilio De Bono (19 March 1866 – 11 January 1944) was an Italian general, fascist activist, marshal, war criminal, and member of the Fascist Grand Council (''Gran Consiglio del Fascismo''). De Bono fought in the Italo-Turkish War, the First World War and the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. He was one of the key figures behind Italy's anti-partisan policies in Libya, such as the use of poison gas and concentration camps, which resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of civilians and have been described as genocidal. After voting for the ousting of Benito Mussolini, De Bono and five others were arrested and tried for treason at the Verona trial. All of the men were found guilty, with De Bono and four others being executed by firing squad the following day. Early life and career De Bono was born in Cassano d'Adda, a son of Giovanni de Bono and descendant of the Counts of Barlassina, and Elisa Bazzi. His family "suffered under the Austrian yoke". He entered the Royal Italian ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Friendly Fire
In military terminology, friendly fire or fratricide is an attack by belligerent or neutral forces on friendly troops while attempting to attack enemy or hostile targets. Examples include misidentifying the target as hostile, cross-fire while engaging an enemy, long range ranging errors or inaccuracy. Accidental fire not intended to attack enemy or hostile targets, and deliberate firing on one's own troops for disciplinary reasons is not called friendly fire,Regan, Geoffrey (2002) ''Backfire: a history of friendly fire from ancient warfare to the present day'', Robson Books and neither is unintentional harm to civilian or neutral targets, which is sometimes referred to as collateral damage. Training accidents and bloodless incidents also do not qualify as friendly fire in terms of casualty reporting. Use of the term ''friendly'' in a military context for allied personnel started during the First World War, often when shells fell short of the targeted enemy. The term ''friend ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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March On Rome
The March on Rome () was an organized mass demonstration in October 1922 which resulted in Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party (, PNF) ascending to power in the Kingdom of Italy. In late October 1922, Fascist Party leaders planned a march on the capital. On 28 October, the fascist demonstrators and Blackshirts, Blackshirt paramilitaries approached Rome; Prime Minister Luigi Facta wished to declare a state of siege, but this was overruled by King Victor Emmanuel III, who, fearing bloodshed, persuaded Facta to resign by threatening to abdicate. On 30 October 1922, the King appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister, thereby transferring political power to the fascists without armed conflict. On 31 October the fascist Blackshirts paraded in Rome, while Mussolini formed his coalition government. Background In March 1919, Benito Mussolini founded the first Italian Fasces of Combat (FIC) at the beginning of the so-called Biennio Rosso, Red Biennium, a two-year long social conflict b ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Italo Balbo
Italo Balbo (6 June 1896 – 28 June 1940) was an Fascist Italy (1922–1943), Italian fascist politician and Blackshirts' leader who served as Italy's Marshal of the Air Force, Governor-General of Italian Libya and Commander-in-Chief of Italian North Africa. Due to his young age, he was sometimes seen as a possible successor to dictator Benito Mussolini. After serving in World War I, Balbo became the leading National Fascist Party, Fascist party organizer in his home region of Ferrara. He was one of the Quadrumvirs, the four principal architects (''Quadrumviri del Fascismo'') of the March on Rome that brought Mussolini and the Fascists to power in 1922, along with Michele Bianchi, Emilio De Bono and Cesare Maria De Vecchi. In 1926, he began the task of building the Italian Royal Air Force and took a leading role in popularizing aviation in Italy, and promoting Italian aviation to the world. In 1933, perhaps to relieve tensions surrounding him in Italy, he was given the task of g ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi
Marshal Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi, OSSA, OSML, OMS, OCI (18 May 1856 – 15 January 1941) was an Italian noble, general and politician, mostly known for commanding the Italian 1st Army during World War I. Early life Born in Borgo San Lorenzo, at the time in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, he was the son of Francesco Pecori Giraldi, Imperial Count and Florentine Patrician, titles which he would later inherit, and his wife Maria Genta. His father had an active role in the Risorgimento, fought in the battle of Curtatone in 1848, and later become the first mayor of Borgo San Lorenzo of the newly founded Kingdom of Italy, in 1861. Guglielmo was the elder of three sons and a daughter: Alessandro, the only one who left male issues, Galeazzo, Gisella and Alfredo. Though he married twice, he died without issues, and the titles passed to his brother's heirs. Military career He attended the Italian Military Academy of Turin, becoming sub-lieutenant of Artillery in 1877, and was as ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Gaetano Giardino
Gaetano Giardino (24 January 1864 – 21 November 1935) was an Italian soldier who rose to the rank of Marshal of Italy and Italian Representative to the Allied War Council during World War I.http://www.montegrappa.org/grande_guerra/giardino_gaetano.php a webpage dedicated to Marshal Giardino Life Born in Montemagno, he attended the Royal Military Academy of Modena, being appointed Lieutenant of 8th Bersaglieri Regiment. In the late 1880s he joined the Italian forces that were fighting in Eritrea and Sudan and in 1894 he fought in Kassala. He was later named captain and became a company commander of 6th Bersaglieri Regiment. In the early years of the 20th century he was named chief of the staff of two different Italian divisions; then, at the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War, he was named ''sottocapo di Stato Maggiore'' (deputy chief of staff) of the Italian expeditionary forces. World War I In the spring of 1915, when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary, he was nam ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Giardino Gaetano
Giardino is Italian for ''garden''. It may refer to: *Giardino (album), 2011 album by Finnish krautrock band Circle * Giardino Bellini, urban park of Catania, Italy * Giardino, Capalbio, village in the province of Grosseto, Italy * Il Giardino Armonico, Italian early music ensemble who use period instruments * Palazzo del Giardino, historic palace in Parma, Italy *Santi Angeli Custodi a Città Giardino (Holy Guardian Angels), church on Via Alpi Apuane, Rome * Villa Giardino, town in the province of Córdoba, Argentina People with the surname *Gaetano Giardino Gaetano Giardino (24 January 1864 – 21 November 1935) was an Italian soldier who rose to the rank of Marshal of Italy and Italian Representative to the Allied War Council during World War I.http://www.montegrappa.org/grande_guerra/giardino_gaet ... (1864–1935), Italian soldier who became Marshal of Italy during World War I * Patrik Giardino (born 1966), Swedish photographer and director based in America * Vittorio Giard ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Enrico Caviglia
Enrico Caviglia (4 May 1862 – 22 March 1945) was a distinguished officer in the Italian Army. Victorious on the bloody battlefields of the First World War, Great War, notably the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, he rose in time to the highest rank in his country, Marshal of Italy; he was also a Italian senate, Senator of the kingdom. Early years Caviglia was born in Finalmarina (the marine borough of Finale Ligure), the sixth son of Pietro Caviglia and Antonietta Saccone. After early studies in his hometown, in 1877 he gained admission to the Scuola Militare Teulié, military college "Teulié" in Milan. In 1880 he became a cadet in the Military Academy of Turin; three years later he received his first promotion to second lieutenant in the artillery corps. Caviglia took part in the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889, African campaign of 1888/89 in Eritrea as a First Lieutenant in the II Artillery Regiment; in 1891 he was admitted to the War School.The year 1893 saw him promoted ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |