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Jamming Avoidance Response
The jamming avoidance response is a behavior of some species of weakly electric fish. It occurs when two electric fish with wave discharges meet – if their discharge frequencies are very similar, each fish shifts its discharge frequency to increase the difference between the two. By doing this, both fish prevent jamming of their sense of electroreception. The behavior has been most intensively studied in the South American species ''Eigenmannia virescens''. It is also present in other Gymnotiformes such as '' Apteronotus'', as well as in the African species ''Gymnarchus niloticus''. The jamming avoidance response was one of the first complex behavioral responses in a vertebrate to have its neural circuitry completely specified. As such, it holds special significance in the field of neuroethology. Discovery The jamming avoidance response (JAR) was discovered by Akira Watanabe and Kimihisa Takeda in 1963. The fish they used was an unspecified species of ''Eigenmannia'', which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jamming Avoidance Response In Glass Knifefish
Jamming (or variants) may refer to: General * Jamming (knot), the tendency of knots to become difficult to untie * Interfering with communications or surveillance: ** Radio jamming ** Radar jamming and deception ** Mobile phone jammer ** Echolocation jamming ** Radio-controlled improvised explosive device jamming, a counter-IED technique * Jamming (physics), an apparent change of physical state * Jamming (rock climbing), a rock climbing technique * Jamming (weapon), a firearm malfunction TV and radio * Culture jamming, criticizing mass media through its own methods * ''Jammin (radio programme), BBC Radio 2 musical comedy show that aired since 2001 * Jammin, original version of TV series Kickin' It with Byron Allen 1992 * ''Jammin'' (2006 TV series), Sí TV reality television series that aired from 2006 to 2008 Music and dance * Jammin, an alias of DJ Zinc * Jam session, a semi-improvised rock or jazz performance * Jamming (dance), cheered show-offs during social dancing * '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodore Holmes Bullock
Theodore Holmes Bullock (16 May 1915 – 20 December 2005) is one of the founding fathers of neuroethology. During a career spanning nearly seven decades, this American academic was esteemed both as a pioneering and influential neuroscientist, examining the physiology and evolution of the nervous system across organizational levels, and as a champion of the comparative approach, studying species from nearly all major animal groups— coelenterates, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, molluscs, and chordates. Bullock discovered the pit organ in pit vipers and electroreceptors in weakly electric fish, as well as other electrosensory animals. His work on the jamming avoidance response in electric fish (work later carried on by Walter Heiligenberg) is an excellent example of how motor programs are integrated with incoming sensory information when generating a behavior pattern in response to a stimulus. Bullock appealed to the scientific community to look beyond established paradigms in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interference (wave Propagation)
In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves combine by adding their displacement together at every single point in space and time, to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. Constructive and destructive interference result from the interaction of waves that are correlated or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency. Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves, gravity waves, or matter waves. Etymology The word ''interference'' is derived from the Latin words ''inter'' which means "between" and ''fere'' which means "hit or strike", and was coined by Thomas Young in 1801. Mechanisms The principle of superposition of waves states that when two or more propagating waves of the same type are incident on the same point, the resultant amplitude at that point is equal to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eigenmannia Sensory Coding For Jamming Avoidance Response
''Eigenmannia'' is a genus of fish in the family Sternopygidae (glass knifefishes) native to tropical and subtropical South America (south to the Río de la Plata Basin), and Panama.Peixoto, L.A.W., Dutra, G.M. & Wosiacki, W.B. (2015). The Electric Glass Knifefishes of the ''Eigenmannia trilineata'' species-group (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae): monophyly and description of seven new species. ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175 (2): 384–414.'' They are typically found in slow-flowing streams, along the edge of large rivers, in deep river channels and in floodplains, and the genus also includes ''E. vicentespelaea'', the only cave-adapted knifefish. ''Eigenmannia'' are often found near submerged roots, aquatic plants and floating meadows. Depending on the exact species, they have a maximum total length of . They are nocturnal, and feed on small invertebrates such as aquatic insect larvae and zooplanktonic crustaceans. Species These are the currently recognized spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Model Organism
A model organism (often shortened to model) is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. Model organisms are widely used to research human disease when human experimentation would be unfeasible or unethical. This strategy is made possible by the common descent of all living organisms, and the conservation of metabolic and developmental pathways and genetic material over the course of evolution. Studying model organisms can be informative, but care must be taken when generalizing from one organism to another. In researching human disease, model organisms allow for better understanding the disease process without the added risk of harming an actual human. The species chosen will usually meet a determined taxonomic equivalency to humans, so as to react to disease or its treatment in a way that resembles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Curare
Curare ( /kʊˈrɑːri/ or /kjʊˈrɑːri/; ''koo-rah-ree'' or ''kyoo-rah-ree'') is a common name for various alkaloid arrow poisons originating from plant extracts. Used as a paralyzing agent by indigenous peoples in Central and South America for hunting and for therapeutic purposes, curare only becomes active when it contaminates a wound. These poisons cause weakness of the skeletal muscles and, when administered in a sufficient dose, eventual death by asphyxiation due to paralysis of the diaphragm. Curare is prepared by boiling the bark of one of the dozens of plant sources, leaving a dark, heavy paste that can be applied to arrow or dart heads. In medicine, curare has been used as a treatment for tetanus or strychnine poisoning and as a paralyzing agent for surgical procedures. History The word 'curare' is derived from ''wurari'', from the Carib language of the Macusi of Guyana. It has its origins in the Carib phrase "mawa cure" meaning of the Mawa vine, scienti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Behavioural Brain Research
''Behavioural Brain Research'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. The journal publishes articles in the field of behavioural neuroscience. Volume 1 appeared in 1980 and issues appeared 6 times per year; as submissions increased it switched to a higher frequency and currently 20 issues per year are published. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in Animal Behavior Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Chemical Abstracts Service, Current Contents/Life Sciences, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index, and Scopus. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', its 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as i ... is 3.332. References External links *{{Official website, http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Comparative Physiology
''Journal of Comparative Physiology'' was a journal that split into ''Journal of Comparative Physiology A'' and ''Journal of Comparative Physiology B The ''Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of comparative physiology. It was established in 1984, when it was split off from the ''Journal of Compar ...'' in 1984. It was the continuation of ''Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie'' () published from 1924 to 1972. References Physiology journals Academic journals established in 1972 Publications disestablished in 1983 Springer Science+Business Media academic journals {{med-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Behaviour (journal)
''Behaviour'' is a double-blind peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of ethology. It is published by Brill Publishers and was established in 1948 by Niko Tinbergen and W.H. Thorpe. The editor-in-chief is Frans de Waal (Emory University). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as i ... of 1.991. References External links * Ethology journals Brill Publishers academic journals Publications established in 1949 English-language journals Journals published between 13 and 25 times per year {{biology-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electric Organ (biology)
An electric ray (Torpediniformes) showing location of paired electric organs in the head, and electrocytes stacked within it">Torpediniformes.html" ;"title="electric ray (Torpediniformes">electric ray (Torpediniformes) showing location of paired electric organs in the head, and electrocytes stacked within it In biology, the electric organ is an organ that an electric fish uses to create an electric field. Electric organs are derived from modified muscle or in some cases nerve tissue, and have evolved at least six times among the elasmobranchs and teleosts. These fish use their electric discharges for navigation, communication, mating, defence, and in strongly electric fish also for the incapacitation of prey. The electric organs of two strongly electric fish, the torpedo ray and the electric eel were first studied in the 1770s by John Walsh, Hugh Williamson, and John Hunter. Charles Darwin used them as an instance of convergent evolution in his 1859 ''On the Origin of Species ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electroreception
Electroreception and electrogenesis are the closely-related biological abilities to perceive electrical stimuli and to generate electric fields. Both are used to locate prey; stronger electric discharges are used in a few groups of fishes to stun prey. The capabilities are found almost exclusively in aquatic or amphibious animals, since water is a much better conductor of electricity than air. In passive electrolocation, objects such as prey are detected by sensing the electric fields they create. In active electrolocation, fish generate a weak electric field and sense the different distortions of that field created by objects that conduct or resist electricity. Active electrolocation is practised by two groups of weakly electric fish, the Gymnotiformes (knifefishes) and the Mormyridae (elephantfishes), and by ''Gymnarchus niloticus'', the African knifefish. An electric fish generates an electric field using an electric organ, modified from muscles in its tail. The field is ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Comparative Physiology A
The ''Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the intersection of ethology, neuroscience, and physiology. It was established in 1984, when it was split off from the ''Journal of Comparative Physiology''. It was originally subtitled the ''Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology'', obtaining its current name in 2001. The editor-in-chief is Friedrich G. Barth (University of Vienna). The journal become electronic only in 2017. Abstracting and indexing The journal is indexed and abstracted in the following bibliographic databases: According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2017 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
