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Ibidem
Ibid. or ib. is an abbreviation for the Latin word '' ibīdem'', meaning , commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to ''idem'', literally meaning , abbreviated ''id.'', which is commonly used in legal citation. ''Ibid.'' may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material. The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page. Some academic publishers now prefer that ''ibid.'' not be italicised, as it is a commonly found term. Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with a full stop. For example, Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities omits full stops and does not capitalise, while ''The Economist's'' style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibid (short Story)
"Ibid" is a parody by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft, written in 1927 or 1928, and first published in the January 1938, issue of ''O-Wash-Ta-Nong''. Summary "Ibid" is a mock biography of the Roman scholar Ibidus (486–587), whose masterpiece was ''op. cit., Op. Cit.'', "wherein all the significant undercurrents of Graeco-Roman thought were crystallized once and for all". The piece traces the skull of Ibidus, once the possession of Charlemagne, William the Conqueror and other notables, to the United States, where it travels via Salem, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island to a prairie dog hole in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Satire The story is prefaced with the epigraph "'...As Ibid., Ibid says in his famous ''Lives of the Poets''.'--From a student theme". But S. T. Joshi and David E. Schultz report that the "target of the satire in 'Ibid' is not so much the follies of students as the pomposity of academic scholarship." Notes References *H. P. Lovecraft, ''Misc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bibliography
Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliography'' as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography). Etymology The word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for "the intellectual activity of composing books." The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reference
A reference is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to ''refer to'' the second object. It is called a ''name'' for the second object. The next object, the one to which the first object refers, is called the '' referent'' of the first object. A name is usually a phrase or expression, or some other symbolic representation. Its referent may be anything – a material object, a person, an event, an activity, or an abstract concept. References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other, spacetime coordinates, symbolic or alpha-numeric, a physical object, or an energy projection. In some cases, methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography. References feature ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Latin Abbreviations
This is a list of common Latin abbreviations. Nearly all the abbreviations below have been adopted by Modern English. However, with some exceptions (for example, ''versus'' or '' modus operandi''), most of the Latin referent words and phrases are perceived as foreign to English. In a few cases, English referents have replaced the original Latin ones (e.g., " rest in peace" for RIP and " postscript" for PS). Latin was once the universal academic language in Europe. From the 18th century, authors started using their mother tongues to write books, papers or proceedings. Even when Latin fell out of use, many Latin abbreviations continued to be used due to their precise simplicity and Latin's status as a learned language. List of common abbreviations List of less-common abbreviations and usages Words and abbreviations that have been in general use but are currently used less often. Used in biology * aff. (''affinis''): having affinity with, similar but not identical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supra (grammar)
''Supra'' (Latin for "above") is an academic and legal citation signal used when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier-cited authority. For example, an author wanting to refer to a source in their third footnote could cite this as: "See ''supra'' note 3". Or for text in that note: "See ''supra'' text accompanying note 3". Traditionally ''Vide'' (Latin for "see" or more broadly "perceive") would be used instead of see, so those citations would instead be written as "''Vide supra'' — note 3" and "''Vide supra'' — text accompanying note 3". Supra can also be used to provide a short form citation to an earlier (but not immediately preceding) authority. For example: # Stephen J. Legatzke, Note, The Equitable Recoupment Doctrine in United States v. Dalm: Where's the Equity, 10 Va. Tax Rev. 861 (1991). # Legatzke, ''supra'' note 1, at 862. In this example, the second citation refers the reader to page 862 in the journal in which the article by Legatzke appears. The use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Em Dash
The dash is a punctuation mark consisting of a long horizontal line. It is similar in appearance to the hyphen but is longer and sometimes higher from the baseline. The most common versions are the endash , generally longer than the hyphen but shorter than the minus sign; the emdash , longer than either the en dash or the minus sign; and the horizontalbar , whose length varies across typefaces but tends to be between those of the en and em dashes. Typical uses of dashes are to mark a break in a sentence, to set off an explanatory remark (similar to parenthesis), or to show spans of time or ranges of values. The em dash is sometimes used as a leading character to identify the source of a quoted text. History In the early 17th century, in Okes-printed plays of William Shakespeare, dashes are attested that indicate a thinking pause, interruption, mid-speech realization, or change of subject. The dashes are variously longer (as in '' King Lear'' reprinted 1619) or co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ditto Mark
The ditto mark is a shorthand sign, used mostly in hand-written text, indicating that the words or figures above it are to be repeated. The mark is made using "a pair of apostrophes"; "a pair of marks used underneath a word"; the symbol (quotation mark); but the Cambridge Dictionary of Business English on the same page uses the CJK ditto mark or the symbol (right double quotation mark). In the following example, the second line reads "Blue pens, box of twenty". Black pens, box of twenty ... $2.10 Blue " " " " ... $2.35 History Early evidence of ditto marks can be seen on a cuneiform tablet of the Neo-Assyrian period (934–608 BCE) where two vertical marks are used in a table of synonyms to repeat text. The word ''ditto'' comes from the Tuscan language, where it is the past participle of the verb (to say), with the meaning of "said", as in the locution "the said story". The first recorded use of ''ditto'' with this meaning in English occurs in 1625. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Good Will Hunting
''Good Will Hunting'' is a 1997 American drama film directed by Gus Van Sant and written by Ben Affleck and Matt Damon. It stars Robin Williams, Damon, Affleck, Stellan Skarsgård and Minnie Driver. The film tells the story of janitor Will Hunting, whose mathematical genius is discovered by a professor at MIT. The film received acclaim from critics and grossed over $225 million during its theatrical run against a $10 million budget. At the 70th Academy Awards, it received nominations in nine categories, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won in two: Best Supporting Actor for Williams and Best Original Screenplay for Affleck and Damon. In 2014, it was ranked at number 53 in ''The Hollywood Reporter''s "100 Favorite Films" list. Plot Twenty-year-old Will Hunting of South Boston is a self-taught math genius who was recently paroled after completing a prison term. He works as a janitor at MIT, and spends his free time drinking with his friends Chuckie, Bil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terry Pratchett
Sir Terence David John Pratchett (28 April 1948 – 12 March 2015) was an English author, humorist, and Satire, satirist, best known for the ''Discworld'' series of 41 comic fantasy novels published between 1983 and 2015, and for the Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction, apocalyptic comedy novel ''Good Omens'' (1990), which he co-wrote with Neil Gaiman. Pratchett's first novel, ''The Carpet People'', was published in 1971. The first ''Discworld'' novel, ''The Colour of Magic'', was published in 1983, after which Pratchett wrote an average of two books a year. The final ''Discworld'' novel, ''The Shepherd's Crown'', was published in August 2015, five months after his death. With more than 100 million books sold worldwide in 43 languages, Pratchett was the UK's best-selling author of the 1990s. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1998 and was Knight Bachelor, knighted for services to literature in the 2009 New Year Honours. In 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Small Gods
''Small Gods'' is the thirteenth of Terry Pratchett's ''Discworld'' novels, published in 1992. It tells the origin of the god Om, and his relations with his prophet, the reformer Brutha. In the process, it satirises philosophy, religious institutions, people, and practices, and the role of religion in political life. Plot background Omnia is a theocracy based on the Seven Books of the Prophets of Om, collectively known as the ''Septateuch''. The Discworld is flat and is orbited by its sun, but Omnian doctrine says that the world is round and orbits the sun. Omnians believe in a single god, Om, though the Discworld has many gods, including the billions of Small Gods who exist as points of desire searching for believers. Om was once a Small God, but managed to speak to a shepherd, gained believers (despite the shepherd being stoned to death) and took over from Ur-Gilash as the God of what became Omnia. In Omnian tradition there is a new Prophet every two hundred years. Plot T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyramids (novel)
''Pyramids'' is a fantasy novel by British writer Terry Pratchett, published in 1989, the seventh book in his ''Discworld'' series.Fantastic FictioPyramids (Discworld, book 7) by Terry PratchettRetrieved 2009-05-9 It won the BSFA Award for Best Novel in 1989. Plot summary The main character of ''Pyramids'' is Teppic (short for Pteppicymon), the crown prince of the tiny kingdom of Djelibeybi (a pun on the candy Jelly Baby, meaning "Child of the Djel"), the Discworld counterpart to Ancient Egypt. The kingdom, founded seven-thousand years ago and formerly a great empire which dominated the continent of Klatch, has been in debt and recession for generations due to the construction of pyramids for the burial of its pharaohs (primarily on prime agricultural land) and now occupies an area two miles wide along the 150-mile-long River Djel. Young Teppic has been in training at the Assassins Guild in Ankh-Morpork for the past seven years, having been sent to bring in revenue for the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
