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Hexadecimal Floating Point
Hexadecimal floating point may refer to: * IBM hexadecimal floating point in the IBM System 360 and 370 series of computers and others since 1964 * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic in the Illinois ILLIAC III computer in 1966 * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic in the SDS Sigma 7 computer in 1966 * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic in the SDS Sigma 5 computer in 1967 * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic in the Xerox Sigma 9 computer in 1970 * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic in the Interdata 8/32 computer in the 1970s * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic in the Manchester MU5 computer in 1972 * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic in the Data General Eclipse S/200 computer in ca. 1974 * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic in the Gould Powernode 9080 computer in the 1980s * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic in the HEP computer in 1982 * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic in the SEL System 85 computer * Hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM Hexadecimal Floating Point
Hexadecimal floating point (now called HFP by IBM) is a format for encoding floating-point numbers first introduced on the IBM System/360 computers, and supported on subsequent machines based on that architecture, as well as machines which were intended to be application-compatible with System/360. In comparison to IEEE 754 floating point, the HFP format has a longer significand, and a shorter exponent. All HFP formats have 7 bits of exponent with a bias of 64. The normalized range of representable numbers is from 16−65 to 1663 (approx. 5.39761 × 10−79 to 7.237005 × 1075). The number is represented as the following formula: (−1)sign × 0.significand × 16exponent−64. Single-precision 32-bit A single-precision HFP number (called "short" by IBM) is stored in a 32-bit word: : In this format the initial bit is not suppressed, and the radix (hexadecimal) point is set to the left of the significand (fraction in IBM documentation and the figures). Since the base is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterogeneous Element Processor
The Heterogeneous Element Processor (HEP) was introduced by Denelcor, Inc. in 1982. The HEP's architect was Burton Smith. The machine was designed to solve fluid dynamics problems for the Ballistic Research Laboratory. A HEP system, as the name implies, was pieced together from many heterogeneous components -- processors, data memory modules, and I/O modules. The components were connected via a switched network. A single processor, called a PEM, in a HEP system (up to sixteen PEMs could be connected) was rather unconventional; via a "program status word (PSW) queue," up to fifty processes could be maintained in hardware at once. The largest system ever delivered had 4 PEMs. The eight-stage instruction pipeline allowed instructions from eight different processes to proceed at once. In fact, only one instruction from a given process was allowed to be present in the pipeline at any point in time. Therefore, the full processor throughput of 10 MIPS could only be achieved ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (german: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, abbreviated FSU, shortened form ''Uni Jena''), is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany. The university was established in 1558 and is counted among the ten oldest universities in Germany. It is affiliated with six Nobel Prize winners, most recently in 2000 when Jena graduate Herbert Kroemer won the Nobel Prize for physics. In the 2023 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the university was awarded 189th place in the world. It was renamed after the poet Friedrich Schiller who was teaching as professor of philosophy when Jena attracted some of the most influential minds at the turn of the 19th century. With Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, G. W. F. Hegel, F. W. J. Schelling and Friedrich Schlegel on its teaching staff, the university was at the centre of the emergence of German idealism and early Roma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Springer International Publishing AG
Springer Nature or the Springer Nature Group is a German-British academic publishing company created by the May 2015 merger of Springer Science+Business Media and Holtzbrinck Publishing Group's Nature Publishing Group, Palgrave Macmillan, and Macmillan Education. History The company originates from a number of journals and publishing houses, notably Springer-Verlag, which was founded in 1842 by Julius Springer in Berlin (the grandfather of Bernhard Springer who founded Springer Publishing in 1950 in New York), Nature Publishing Group which has published '' Nature'' since 1869, and Macmillan Education, which goes back to Macmillan Publishers founded in 1843. Springer Nature was formed in 2015 by the merger of Nature Publishing Group, Palgrave Macmillan and Macmillan Education (held by Holtzbrinck Publishing Group) with Springer Science+Business Media (held by BC Partners). Plans for the merger were first announced on 15 January 2015. The transaction was concluded in May ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Floating-point Arithmetic
In computing, floating-point arithmetic (FP) is arithmetic that represents real numbers approximately, using an integer with a fixed precision, called the significand, scaled by an integer exponent of a fixed base. For example, 12.345 can be represented as a base-ten floating-point number: 12.345 = \underbrace_\text \times \underbrace_\text\!\!\!\!\!\!^ In practice, most floating-point systems use base two, though base ten ( decimal floating point) is also common. The term ''floating point'' refers to the fact that the number's radix point can "float" anywhere to the left, right, or between the significant digits of the number. This position is indicated by the exponent, so floating point can be considered a form of scientific notation. A floating-point system can be used to represent, with a fixed number of digits, numbers of very different orders of magnitude — such as the number of meters between galaxies or between protons in an atom. For this reason, floating-p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexadecimal
In mathematics and computing, the hexadecimal (also base-16 or simply hex) numeral system is a positional numeral system that represents numbers using a radix (base) of 16. Unlike the decimal system representing numbers using 10 symbols, hexadecimal uses 16 distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9, and "A"–"F" (or alternatively "a"–"f") to represent values from 10 to 15. Software developers and system designers widely use hexadecimal numbers because they provide a human-friendly representation of binary-coded values. Each hexadecimal digit represents four bits (binary digits), also known as a nibble (or nybble). For example, an 8-bit byte can have values ranging from 00000000 to 11111111 in binary form, which can be conveniently represented as 00 to FF in hexadecimal. In mathematics, a subscript is typically used to specify the base. For example, the decimal value would be expressed in hexadecimal as . In programming, a number o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SEL System 86
Sel is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Otta. The municipality also includes several notable villages including Bjølstad, Dale, Høvringen, Nord-Sel, Sandbumoen, Sjoa, and Skogbygda. The municipality is the 130th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Sel is the 172nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,531. The municipality's population density is and its population has decreased by 7.7% over the previous 10-year period. General information The new municipality of Sel was established on 1 January 1908 when Vågå Municipality was divided into three. The northeastern part became the new Sel Municipality (population: 2,287), the southeastern part became the new Heidal Municipality (population: 1,241) and the western part continued as Vågå Municipality (population: 2,953). During the 1960s, there ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SEL System 85
Sel is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Otta. The municipality also includes several notable villages including Bjølstad, Dale, Høvringen, Nord-Sel, Sandbumoen, Sjoa, and Skogbygda. The municipality is the 130th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Sel is the 172nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,531. The municipality's population density is and its population has decreased by 7.7% over the previous 10-year period. General information The new municipality of Sel was established on 1 January 1908 when Vågå Municipality was divided into three. The northeastern part became the new Sel Municipality (population: 2,287), the southeastern part became the new Heidal Municipality (population: 1,241) and the western part continued as Vågå Municipality (population: 2,953). During the 1960s, there we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gould Powernode 9080
{{unreferenced, date=June 2013 The PowerNode 9080 was a dual processor 32-bit Superminicomputer produced by Fort Lauderdale, Florida based electronics company Gould Electronics in the 1980s. Its UTX/32 4.3BSD Berkeley Unix-based operating system was one of the first multi-processor shared memory implementations of Unix, although the processors operated in a Master-Slave configuration with a Mutual Exclusion (MutEx) lock on all Kernel IO resources. Machines could be configured for either single or dual processor operation. The machine itself was housed in a number of 19 inch rack cabinets and the main CPUs consisted of 18 boards of ECL logic. The resulting system was capable of benchmark performances up to 20 MIPS, a very high rating at the time. The PowerNode systems were a very close relative of Gould's real time computer systems running their proprietary MPX real time operating system. Only about two boards differed between the Unix-running PowerNode machines and the MPX- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Illinois ILLIAC III
The ILLIAC III was a fine-grained SIMD pattern recognition computer built by the University of Illinois in 1966. This ILLIAC's initial task was image processing of bubble chamber experiments used to detect nuclear particles. Later it was used on biological images. The machine was destroyed in a fire, caused by a Variac shorting on one of the wooden-top benches, in 1968. It was rebuilt in the early 1970s, and the core parallel-processing element of the machine, the Pattern Articulation Unit, was successfully implemented. In spite of this and the productive exploration of other advanced concepts, such as multiple-radix arithmetic, the project was eventually abandoned. Bruce H. McCormick was the leader of the project throughout its history. File:ILLIAC III IMG 4178.jpg File:ILLIAC III IMG 4177.jpg, Printed circuits of the type used in ILLIAC III File:ILLIAC III IMG 4176.jpg, Printed circuits of the type used in ILLIAC III See also * ORDVAC * ILLIAC I * ILLIAC II * ILLIAC IV The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data General Eclipse S/200
The Data General Eclipse line of computers by Data General were 16-bit minicomputers released in early 1974 and sold until 1988. The Eclipse was based on many of the same concepts as the Data General Nova, but included support for virtual memory and multitasking more suitable to the small office than the lab. It was also packaged differently for this reason, in a floor-standing case the size of a small refrigerator. The Eclipse series was supplanted by the 32-bit Data General Eclipse MV/8000 in 1980. Description The Data General Nova was intended to outperform the PDP-8 while being less expensive, and in a similar fashion, the Eclipse was meant to compete against the larger PDP-11 computers. It kept the simple register architecture of the Nova but added a stack pointer which the Nova lacked. The stack pointer was added back to the later Nova 3 machines in 1975 and also used on the later 32-bit Data General Eclipse MV/8000. The AOS operating system was quite sophisticated, adva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manchester MU5
The Manchester computers were an innovative series of stored-program electronic computers developed during the 30-year period between 1947 and 1977 by a small team at the University of Manchester, under the leadership of Tom Kilburn. They included the world's first stored-program computer, the world's first transistorised computer, and what was the world's fastest computer at the time of its inauguration in 1962. The project began with two aims: to prove the practicality of the Williams tube, an early form of computer memory based on standard cathode-ray tubes (CRTs); and to construct a machine that could be used to investigate how computers might be able to assist in the solution of mathematical problems. The first of the series, the Manchester Baby, ran its first program on 21 June 1948. As the world's first stored-program computer, the Baby, and the Manchester Mark 1 developed from it, quickly attracted the attention of the United Kingdom government, who contracted the el ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
