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Hygrine
Hygrine is a pyrrolidine alkaloid, found mainly in coca leaves (0.2%). It was first isolated by Carl Liebermann in 1889 (along with a related compound cuscohygrine) as an alkaloid accompanying cocaine Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid and central nervous system stimulant, derived primarily from the leaves of two South American coca plants, ''Erythroxylum coca'' and ''Erythroxylum novogranatense, E. novogranatense'', which are cultivated a ... in coca. Hygrine is extracted as a thick yellow oil, having a pungent taste and odor. See also * Coca alkaloids * Pseudotropine * Troparil References * * * {{cite web, title=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. , url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/chemdisp.xsql?chemical=HYGRINE , archive-url=https://archive.today/20121211210941/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/chemdisp.xsql?che ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cuscohygrine
Cuscohygrine is a bis N-methyl pyrrolidine alkaloid found in Erythroxylum, coca plants. It can also be extracted from plants of the family Solanaceae, including ''Atropa belladonna'' (deadly nightshade) and various ''Datura'' species. Cuscohygrine usually occurs along with other, more potent alkaloids such as atropine or cocaine. Cuscohygrine, along with the related metabolite hygrine, was first isolated by Carl Liebermann in 1889 as an alkaloid accompanying cocaine in coca leaves (also known as Cusco-leaves). Cuscohygrine is an oil that can be distilled without decomposition only in vacuum. It is soluble in water. It also forms a crystalline trihydrate which melts at 40–41 °C. Biosynthesis Ornithine is methylated to N-methylornithine and when decarboxylated, becomes N-methylputrescine. 4-methylaminobutanal is yielded from the oxidation of the primary amino-group. 4-methylaminobutanal then cyclizes to an N-methyl-l-pyrrolinium salt. The condensation of the pyrrolinium s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coca
Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. Coca is known worldwide for its psychoactive alkaloid, cocaine. Coca leaves contain cocaine which acts as a mild stimulant when chewed or consumed as tea, with slower absorption than purified cocaine and no evidence of addiction or withdrawal symptoms from natural use. The coca plant is a shrub-like bush with curved branches, oval leaves featuring distinct curved lines, small yellowish-white flowers that develop into red berries. Genomic analysis reveals that coca, a culturally and economically important plant, was domesticated two or three separate times from the wild species ''Erythroxylum gracilipes'' by different South American groups during the Holocene. Chewing coca in South America began at least 8,000 years ago, as evidenced by coca leaves and calcite found in house floors in Peru’s Nanchoc Valley, suggesting early communal use alongside the rise of farming. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a broad class of natural product, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungus, fungi, Medicinal plant, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacology, pharmacological activities including antimalarial medication, antimalarial (e.g. quinine), asthma, antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), chemotherapy, anticancer (e.g. omacetaxine mepesuccinate, homoharringtonine), cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilation, vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), Antiarrhythmic agent, antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine), antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and anti-diabetic, antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. berb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coca Alkaloid
Coca alkaloids are the alkaloids found in the coca plant, ''Erythroxylum coca''.Variation of Alkaloid Content in Erythroxylum coca Leaves from Leaf Bud to Leaf Drop. Emanuel L. Johnson and Stephen D. Emche, Ann. Bot., 1994, volume 73, issue 6, pages 645-650, They are predominantly of either the pyrrolidine or the tropane types. __NOTOC__ Tropane-type alkaloids * Benzoylecgonine * Cocaine * Ecgonidine * Ecgonine * Hydroxytropacocaine * Methylecgonine cinnamate * Tropacocaine * Truxilline Pyrrolidine-type alkaloids * Cuscohygrine * Dihydrocuscohygrine * Hygrine * Nicotine See also * Cocaine metabolites (Human) * Coca wine Coca wine is an alcoholic beverage combining wine with cocaine. One popular brand was '' Vin Mariani'', developed in 1863 by French chemist and entrepreneur Angelo Mariani. At the end of the 19th century, the fear of drug abuse made coca-based ..., an alcoholic beverage combining wine with extracted coca alkaloids * Methylecgonidine * Tro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrrolidine
Pyrrolidine, also known as tetrahydropyrrole, is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)4NH. It is a cyclic secondary amine, also classified as a saturated heterocycle. It is a colourless liquid that is miscible with water and most organic solvents. It has a characteristic odor that has been described as "ammoniacal, fishy, shellfish-like". In addition to pyrrolidine itself, many substituted pyrrolidines are known. Production and synthesis Industrial production Pyrrolidine is prepared industrially by the reaction of 1,4-butanediol and ammonia at a temperature of 165–200 °C and a pressure of 17–21 MPa in the presence of a cobalt- and nickel oxide catalyst, which is supported on alumina. : The reaction is carried out in the liquid phase in a continuous tube- or tube bundle reactor, which is operated in the cycle gas method. The catalyst is arranged as a fixed-bed and the conversion is carried out in the downflow mode. The product is obtained after m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Liebermann
Carl Theodor Liebermann (23 February 1842 – 28 December 1914) was a German chemist and student of Adolf von Baeyer. Life Liebermann first studied at the University of Heidelberg where Robert Wilhelm Bunsen was teaching. He then joined the group of Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Berlin where he received his PhD in 1865. Together with Carl Gräbe, Liebermann synthesised the orange-red dye alizarin in 1868. After his habilitation in 1870 he became professor at the University of Berlin after Adolf von Baeyer left for the University of Strasbourg. Shortly after Liebermann retired, in 1914, he died. Work In 1826, the French chemist Pierre Jean Robiquet had isolated from the root of a plant, madder, and defined the structure of, alizarin, a remarkable red dye. Liebermann's 1868 discovery that alizarin can be reduced to form anthracene, which is an abundant component in coal tar, opened the road for synthetic alizarin. The patent of Liebermann and Carl Gräbe for th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cocaine
Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid and central nervous system stimulant, derived primarily from the leaves of two South American coca plants, ''Erythroxylum coca'' and ''Erythroxylum novogranatense, E. novogranatense'', which are cultivated almost exclusively in the Andes. Indigenous peoples of South America, Indigenous South Americans have traditionally used coca leaves for over a thousand years. Notably, there is no evidence that habitual coca leaf use causes addiction or withdrawal, unlike cocaine. Medically, cocaine is rarely employed, mainly as a topical medication under controlled settings, due to its high abuse potential, adverse effects, and expensive cost. Despite this, recreational drug use, recreational use is widespread, driven by its euphoric and aphrodisiac properties. Levamisole induced necrosis syndrome (LINES)-a complication of the common cocaine Lacing (drugs), cutting agent levamisole-and prenatal cocaine exposure is particularly harmful. Street cocaine is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudotropine
Pseudotropine (3β-tropanol, ψ-tropine, 3-pseudotropanol, or PTO) is a derivative of tropane and an isomer of tropine. Pseudotropine can be found in the ''Coca'' plant along with several other alkaloids See also * Pseudotropine acyltransferase * Pseudotropine benzoate (tropacocaine) * Atropine * Tropine Tropine is a derivative of tropane containing a hydroxyl group at the third carbon. It is also called 3-tropanol. It is a poisonous white hygroscopic crystalline powder. It is a heterocyclic alcohol and an amine. Tropine is a central building bl ... * Tropinone References Tropanes Secondary alcohols {{biochemistry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troparil
Troparil (also known as (–)-2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-phenyltropane, WIN 35,065-2, or β-CPT) is a stimulant drug used in scientific research. Troparil is a phenyltropane-based dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) that is derived from methylecgonidine. Troparil is a few times more potent than cocaine as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, but is less potent as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and has a duration spanning a few times longer, since the phenyl ring is directly connected to the tropane ring through a non-hydrolyzable carbon-carbon bond. The lack of an ester linkage removes the local anesthetic action from the drug, so troparil is a pure stimulant. This change in activity also makes troparil slightly less cardiotoxic than cocaine. The most commonly used form of troparil is the tartrate salt, but the hydrochloride and naphthalenedisulfonate salts are also available, as well as the free base. Background The first known published synthesis of troparil and the related compound ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrrolidine Alkaloids
The pyrrolidine alkaloids are natural products chemically derived from pyrrolidine. Occurrence Alkaloids with partial pyrrolidine structure are usually sub-categorized based on their occurrence and biogenetic origin. Hygrin and cuscohygrin were isolated from the leaves of the coca shrub, while (-)-codonopsinine was isolated from the woodland vine tiger bell. Erythroxylum coca.jpg, Coca shrub (''Erythroxylum coca'') with leaves and fruits. Codonopsis clematidea Dzwonkowiec powojnikowaty 2015 03.jpg, Wood vine tiger bell (''Codonopsis clematidea'') Representatives Among the most important representatives of the pyrrolidine alkaloids are hygrin and cuscohygrin. Another representative is the (-)- codonopsinine. Furthermore, ruspolinone, norruspolinone and norruspoline also belong to this alkaloid group. (+)-Hygrine Structural Formula V2.svg, (+)-Hygrine (-)-Codonopsinine Structural Formula V2.svg, (-)-Codonopsinine (-)-Ruspolinone Structural Formula V1.svg, (-)-Rus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
