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Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are a type of functional compound (other compounds include polysaccharides and triterpenoids) found in various species of fungi. FIPs are part of the immunoglobulin (ig) family, which are structurally similar to human antibodies, and can interact with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), causing these cells to secrete different types of hormones and regulate cellular activity. History The first FIP was discovered in 1989 by Japanese scientist Kohsuke Kino et al. from the water extract of the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum, and was named Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8). From then on, researchers have identified numerous structurally similar proteins from various types of fungi that also share a high degree of genetic similarity as well as physiological activities, and thus coined the term fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP). Members of the FIP family Currently known FIPs are listed below: * LZ-8 from G. lucidum * LZ-9 from G. lucidum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDB 1osy EBI
PDB or pdb may refer to: Organizations * Party of German-speaking Belgians (German: '), a former Belgian political party * Promised Day Brigade, a former Iraqi organization Science and technology * Protein Data Bank, a biological molecule database ** Protein Data Bank (file format) * Potato dextrose broth, a microbiological growth medium * Pee Dee Belemnite, a reference standard for isotopes; see ''δ''13C Computing * PDB (Palm OS), a record database format * Pluggable database, in Oracle Database * Program database, a debugging information format * Python Debugger (pdb), of the Python programming language; see Stepping Other uses * Chess Problem Database Server (PDB Server), a repository for chess problems * Pousette-Dart Band, an American band * President's Daily Brief, a US intelligence document See also * 1,4-Dichlorobenzene or ''para''-dichlorobenzene (PDCB), a chemical * Bangladesh Power Development Board The Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) is a governmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ganoderma Microsporum
''Ganoderma microsporum'' is a species of ''Ganoderma'' mushroom native to Taiwan that grows on willow trees. Description ''Ganoderma microsporum'' has a relatively short or obscure stem that appears bronze or dark purple. The cap is shelf like or unevenly shaped and has a glazed appearance.許. 靈芝概論. 台中市: 萬年出版社. 1993: 140. The spores measure 6–8.5 by 4.5–5 μm, smaller than the spores of all other known types of ''Ganoderma''.Hseu RS. Chen ZC, Wang HH. ''Ganoderma microsporum'', a new species on weeping willow in Taiwan. Mycotaxon. 1989, 35 (1): 35–40. Taxonomy The species was first discovered in Taipei, Taiwan by R.-S. Hseu in 1982, and published in the scientific journal ''Mycotaxon'' in 1989. The specific epithet ''microsporum'' refers to the relatively small size of its spores. Research Compounds discovered in ''Ganoderma'' include polysaccharides, triterpenoids, nucleic acids and fungal immunomodulatory proteins or FIPs. Accordi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lignosus Rhinocerotis
''Lignosus'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1920 by mycologists Curtis Gates Lloyd and Camille Torrend, with '' L. sacer'' as the type species. Description The fruit bodies of ''Lignosus'' fungi are annual. They have a cap that is coloured white to brown, with a central supporting stipe. The texture of the cap surface is smooth to very finely tomentose. Pores on the cap underside range in size from small to large. The stipe originates from a sclerotium in the ground. The hyphal system is trimitic. Generative hyphae have clamp connections and are hyaline. There are binding and skeletal hyphae in the context, sclerotium and the stipe. The hymenium lacks cystidia. Spores are smooth, ellipsoid, hyaline, and inamyloid. ''Lignosus'' is similar in morphology to ''Microporus'', but the fungi in this latter genus grow on wood and do not arise from a sclerotium. ''Microporus'' spores are cylindrical to allantoid (sausage-shaped ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antrodia Camphorate
''Antrodia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. ''Antrodia'' species have fruit bodies that typically resupinate (i.e., lying flat or spread out on the growing surface), with the hymenium exposed to the outside; the edges may be turned so as to form narrow brackets. Most species are found in temperate and boreal forests, and cause brown rot. Description ''Antrodia'' are effused-resupinate, that is, they lie stretched out on the growing surface with the hymenium exposed on the outer side, but turned out at the edges to form brackets. When present, these brackets are typically white or pale brown. The pores on the surface of the hymenium may be round or angular. The context is white or pale. All species cause brown-rot. Typically, basidiospores are thin-walled, cylindrical, and narrowly ellipsoidal or fusiform in shape. Most species grow on the wood of coniferous trees, except for ''A. albida'', which grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees. Distribution R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volvariella Volvacea
''Volvariella volvacea'' (also known as paddy straw mushroom or straw mushroom) is a species of edible mushroom cultivated throughout East and Southeast Asia and used extensively in Asian cuisine. They are often available fresh in regions they are cultivated, but elsewhere are more frequently found canned or dried. Worldwide, straw mushrooms are the third-most-consumed mushroom. Description In their button stage, straw mushrooms resemble poisonous death caps, but can be distinguished by several mycological features, including their pink spore print (spore prints of death caps are white). The two mushrooms have different distributions, with the death cap generally not found where the straw mushroom grows natively, but immigrants, particularly those from Southeast Asia to California and Australia, have been poisoned due to misidentification. Uses Straw mushrooms are grown on rice straw beds and are most commonly picked when immature (often labelled "unpeeled"), during their b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flammulina Velutipes
''Flammulina velutipes'', the velvet foot, velvet stem, velvet shank or wild enoki, is a species of gilled mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. The species occurs in Europe and North America. Taxonomy The species was originally described from England by botanist William Curtis in 1782 as ''Agaricus velutipes''. It was transferred to the genus ''Flammulina'' by Rolf Singer in 1951. Until recently, ''F. velutipes'' was considered to be conspecific with the Asian'' Flammulina filiformis, F. filiformis'', cultivated for food as "enokitake" or "golden needle mushroom", but DNA sequencing shows that the two are distinct. Description ''F. velutipes'' grows up to tall and wide. The cap is light orange, darker toward the center. The stem fades to a darker color near the base. The flesh of the cap is yellow, while that of the stem is brown. The odour and flavour are pleasant. The spore print is white. Similar species It may resemble ''Flammulina populicola, F. populicol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poria Cocos
Poria or Poriya may refer to: Names *Poria may refer to a branch or surname of Jethwa. Places *On Poriya Ridge in northern Israel: ** Poriya Hospital, common name of medical centre with various official names ** Poria Illit, communal settlement (village) ** Poria – Kfar Avoda, formerly Poria, communal settlement (village) ** Poria – Neve Oved, communal settlement (village) Biology * ''Poria'' (fungus), a defunct fungal genus subsumed into ''Perenniporia'' * '' Wolfiporia'', a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae, particularly ''Wolfiporia extensa'', called poria in the context of Chinese medicine * ''Poria'' (beetle), a genus of beetles in the family Coccinellidae * ''Poria'' (crustacean) (Lang, 1965), a genus in the family Canthocamptidae See also * Kākā poria, a small leg ring for parrots made from bone or stone * Panwar (other) Panwar is a Rajput clan found in Northern India. Panwar may also refer to: People * Aalisha Panwar (born 1996), Ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trametes Versicolor
''Trametes versicolor''also known as ''Coriolus versicolor'' and ''Polyporus versicolor''is a common polypore mushroom found throughout the world. Owing to its shape being similar to that of a wild turkey's tail feathers, ''T. versicolor'' is most commonly referred to as turkey tail. It is commonly marketed as a dietary supplement for various health benefits but lacks sufficient scientific evidence for safety or effectiveness, and quality can vary due to inconsistent processing and labeling. Etymology Meaning 'of several colors', ''versicolor'' accurately describes this fungus that displays a unique blend of markings. Description The fruiting body is somewhat tongue-shaped, with no discernable stalk, and the tough flesh is thick. The cap is flat, up to across. It is often triangular or round, with zones of fine hairs coloured rust-brown or darker brown, sometimes with black zones. Underneath a layer of tomentum is a black layer, topping the whitish flesh. Older spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ganoderma Microsporum Immunomodulatory Protein
Ganoderma microsporum immunomodulatory protein or GMI is a protein discovered from the mushroom species Ganoderma microsporum. GMI is a pure protein composed of 111 amino acids and exists in nature as a tetramer. Discovery GMI is found in the mycelium of Ganoderma microsporum. During the life cycle of G. microsporum, GMI acts as an important signaling factor in the transition from the fungi's mycelium phase to the fruiting body phase. However, the levels of GMI found in both the mycelium and fruiting body are very low. In 2005, researchers utilized genetic and bio-engineering methods to obtain purified GMI, and proved that the protein is structurally similar to LZ-8, the first fungal immunomodulatory protein Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are a type of functional compound (other compounds include polysaccharides and triterpenoids) found in various species of fungi. FIPs are part of the immunoglobulin (ig) family, which are structurally simila ... discovered in 1989. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides (), or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. They are long-chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages. This carbohydrate can react with water (hydrolysis) using amylase enzymes as catalyst, which produces constituent sugars (monosaccharides or oligosaccharides). They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen and galactogen and structural polysaccharides such as hemicellulose and chitin. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure, these macromolecules can have distinct properties from their monosaccharide building blocks. They may be amorphous or even insoluble in water. When all the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type, the polysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide or homoglycan, but when more t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ganoderma Sinensis
''Ganoderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae that includes about 80 species, many from tropical regions. They may be called ''shelf mushrooms'' or bracket fungi and have a high genetic diversity. ''Ganoderma'' can be differentiated from other polypores because they have a double-walled basidiospore. They are used in traditional Asian medicine. Description ''Ganoderma'' are characterized by basidiocarps, which are large, perennial, woody brackets also called "conks". They are lignicolous and leathery either with or without a stem. The fruit bodies typically grow in a fan-like or hoof-like form on the trunks of living or dead trees. They have double-walled, truncate spores with yellow to brown ornamented inner layers. Taxonomy Taxonomic history The genus ''Ganoderma'' was established as a genus in 1881 by Karsten and included only one species, ''G. lucidum'' (Curtis) Karst. Previously, this taxon was characterized as ''Boletus lucidus'' Cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ganoderma Tsugae
''Ganoderma tsugae'', also known as hemlock varnish shelf, is a flat polypore mushroom of the genus ''Ganoderma''. Habitat In contrast to ''Ganoderma lucidum'', to which it is closely related and which it closely resembles, ''G. tsugae'' tends to grow on conifers, especially hemlocks. Uses Like ''G. lucidum'', ''G. tsugae'' is non-poisonous but generally considered inedible, because of its solid woody nature; however, teas and extracts made from its fruiting bodies supposedly allow medicinal use of the compounds it contains, although this is controversial within the scientific community. A hot water extraction or tea can be very effective for extracting the polysaccharides; however, an alcohol or alcohol/glycerin extraction method is more effective for the triterpenoids. The fresh, soft growth of the "lip" of ''G. tsugae'' can be sautéed and prepared much like other edible mushrooms. While in this nascent stage it is not woody, it can still be tough and chewy. Medicinal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
