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Free Stationing
In surveying, free stationing (also known as resection) is a method of determining a location of one unknown point in relation to known points. There is a zero point of reference called a total station. The instrument can be freely positioned so that all survey points are at a suitable sight from the instrument. When setting up the total station on a known point, it is often not possible to see all survey points of interest. When performing a resection (free stationing) with the total station, bearings and distances are measured to at least two known points of a control network. With use of a handheld computer, recorded data can be related to local polar coordinates, defined by the horizontal circle of the total station. By a geometric transformation, these polar coordinates are transformed to the coordinate system of the control network. Error can be distributed by least squares adjustment. Upon completion of observations and calculations, a coordinate is produced, and the pos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surveying
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the land, terrestrial Plane (mathematics), two-dimensional or Three-dimensional space#In Euclidean geometry, three-dimensional positions of Point (geometry), points and the Euclidean distance, distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish maps and boundaries for ownership, locations, such as the designated positions of structural components for construction or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales. A professional in land surveying is called a land surveyor. Surveyors work with elements of geodesy, geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages, and the law. They use equipment, such as total stations, robotic total stations, theodolites, Satellite navigation, GNSS receivers, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodolite Vermeer
A theodolite () is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but it is also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorology and rocket launching. It consists of a moveable telescope mounted so it can rotate around horizontal and vertical axes and provide angular readouts. These indicate the orientation of the telescope, and are used to relate the first point sighted through the telescope to subsequent sightings of other points from the same theodolite position. These angles can be measured with accuracies down to microradians or seconds of arc. From these readings a plan can be drawn, or objects can be positioned in accordance with an existing plan. The modern theodolite has evolved into what is known as a total station where angles and distances are measured electronically, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surveying Instruments
Instruments used in surveying include: * Alidade * Alidade table * Cosmolabe * Dioptra * Dumpy level * Engineer's chain * Geodimeter * Graphometer * Groma (surveying) * Laser scanning * Level * Level staff * Measuring tape * Plane table * Pole (surveying) * Prism (surveying) (corner cube retroreflector) * Prismatic compass (angle measurement) * Ramsden surveying instruments * Ranging rod * Surveyor's chain * Surveyor's compass * Tachymeter (surveying) * Tape (surveying) * Tellurometer * Theodolite ** Half theodolite ** Plain theodolite ** Simple theodolite ** Great theodolite ** Non-transit theodolite ** Transit theodolite ** Seconds theodolite ** Electronic theodolite ** Mining theodolite ** Suspension theodolite ** Traveling theodolite ** Pibal theodolite ** Registering theodolite ** Gyro-theodolite ** Construction theodolite ** Photo-theodolite ** Robotic theodolite ** Vernier theodolite * Total station * Transit (surveying) * Tripod (surveying ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Site Plan
A site plan or a plot plan is a type of drawing used by architects, landscape architects, urban planners, and engineers which shows existing and proposed conditions for a given area, typically a parcel of land which is to be modified. Sites plan typically show buildings, roads, sidewalks and paths/trails, parking, drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines, water lines, lighting, and landscaping and garden elements. Such a plan of a site is a "graphic representation of the arrangement of buildings, parking, drives, landscaping and any other structure that is part of a development project". A site plan is a "set of construction drawings that a builder or contractor uses to make improvements to a property. Counties can use the site plan to verify that development codes are being met and as a historical resource. Site plans are often prepared by a design consultant who must be either a licensed engineer, architect, landscape architect or land surveyor". Site plans include site ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machine Guidance
A machine is a physical system that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an action. The term is commonly applied to artificial devices, such as those employing engines or motors, but also to natural biological macromolecules, such as molecular machines. Machines can be driven by animals and people, by natural forces such as wind and water, and by chemical, thermal, or electrical power, and include a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement. They can also include computers and sensors that monitor performance and plan movement, often called mechanical systems. Renaissance natural philosophers identified six simple machines which were the elementary devices that put a load into motion, and calculated the ratio of output force to input force, known today as mechanical advantage. Modern machines are complex systems that consist of structural elements, mechanisms and control component ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Construction Surveying
Construction surveying or building surveying (otherwise known as "staking", "stake-out", "lay-out", or "setting-out") is to provide dimensional control for all stages of construction work, including the stake out of reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads, rail, or buildings. These markers are usually staked out according to a suitable coordinate system selected for the project. History of construction surveying * The nearly perfect squareness and north–south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. *A recent reassessment of Stonehenge (c.2500 BC) suggests that the monument was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry. *In the sixth century BC geometric based techniques were used to construct the tunnel of Eupalinos on the island of Samos. *Modern technology advanced surveying's accuracy and efficiency. For example, surveyors used to use tw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLANTA Proceso
Planta may refer to: Places *Planta, Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland *Planta, Hajnówka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland *Planta, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland *Planta, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland * Nigaman, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Nigalan People Other *Battle on the Planta The Battle on the Planta, fought on 13 November 1475 around Conthey near Sion, Valais, Switzerland, was part of the Burgundian Wars. Background In the 13th and 14th centuries, the Upper Valais (the eastern portion of the valley, higher in the ..., fought in November 1475 as part of the Burgundian Wars * Planta Margarine, the first margarine to be imported into Malaysia in 1930 * ''Planta'' (journal), a journal of plant biology * ''Planta'' (album), an album by CSS * "Planta" (song), a 1995 song by Soda Stereo {{disambiguation, surname, geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Redundancy (engineering)
In engineering and systems theory, redundancy is the intentional duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the goal of increasing reliability of the system, usually in the form of a backup or fail-safe, or to improve actual system performance, such as in the case of GNSS receivers, or multi-threaded computer processing. In many safety-critical systems, such as fly-by-wire and hydraulic systems in aircraft, some parts of the control system may be triplicated, which is formally termed triple modular redundancy (TMR). An error in one component may then be out-voted by the other two. In a triply redundant system, the system has three sub components, all three of which must fail before the system fails. Since each one rarely fails, and the sub components are designed to preclude common failure modes (which can then be modelled as independent failure), the probability of all three failing is calculated to be extraordinarily small; it is often outweighed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inscribed Angle Theorem
In geometry, an inscribed angle is the angle formed in the interior of a circle when two chords intersect on the circle. It can also be defined as the angle subtended at a point on the circle by two given points on the circle. Equivalently, an inscribed angle is defined by two chords of the circle sharing an endpoint. The inscribed angle theorem relates the measure of an inscribed angle to that of the central angle intercepting the same arc. The inscribed angle theorem appears as Proposition 20 in Book 3 of Euclid's ''Elements''. Note that this theorem is not to be confused with the Angle bisector theorem, which also involves angle bisection (but of an angle of a triangle not inscribed in a circle). Theorem Statement The inscribed angle theorem states that an angle inscribed in a circle is half of the central angle that intercepts the same arc on the circle. Therefore, the angle does not change as its vertex is moved to different positions on the same arc of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Snellius–Pothenot Problem
In trigonometry, the Snellius–Pothenot problem is a problem first described in the context of planar surveying. Given three known points , an observer at an unknown point observes that the line segment subtends an angle and the segment subtends an angle ; the problem is to determine the position of the point . (See figure; the point denoted is between and as seen from ). Since it involves the observation of known points from an unknown point, the problem is an example of resection. Historically it was first studied by Snellius, who found a solution around 1615. Formulating the equations First equation Denoting the (unknown) angles as and as gives: x+y = 2 \pi - \alpha - \beta - C by using the sum of the angles formula for the quadrilateral . The variable represents the (known) internal angle in this quadrilateral at point . (Note that in the case where the points and are on the same side of the line , the angle will be greater than ). Second equation Applyi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartesian Coordinate System
In geometry, a Cartesian coordinate system (, ) in a plane (geometry), plane is a coordinate system that specifies each point (geometry), point uniquely by a pair of real numbers called ''coordinates'', which are the positive and negative numbers, signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, called ''coordinate lines'', ''coordinate axes'' or just ''axes'' (plural of ''axis'') of the system. The point where the axes meet is called the ''Origin (mathematics), origin'' and has as coordinates. The axes direction (geometry), directions represent an orthogonal basis. The combination of origin and basis forms a coordinate frame called the Cartesian frame. Similarly, the position of any point in three-dimensional space can be specified by three ''Cartesian coordinates'', which are the signed distances from the point to three mutually perpendicular planes. More generally, Cartesian coordinates specify the point in an -dimensional Euclidean space for any di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Logger
A data logger (also datalogger or data recorder) is an electronic device that records data over time or about location either with a built-in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors. Increasingly, but not entirely, they are based on a digital processor (or computer), and called digital data loggers (DDL). They generally are small, battery-powered, portable, and equipped with a microprocessor, internal memory for data storage, and sensors. Some data loggers interface with a personal computer and use software to activate the data logger and view and analyze the collected data, while others have a local interface device (keypad, LCD) and can be used as a stand-alone device. Data loggers vary from general-purpose devices for various measurement applications to very specific devices for measuring in one environment or application type only. While it is common for general-purpose types to be programmable, many remain static machines with only a limited number o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
