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Eicosatetraenoic Acid
Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) designates any straight chain 20:4 fatty acid. Eicosatetraenoic acid belongs to the family of eicosanoids, molecules synthesized from oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to mediate cell-cell communication. The eicosanoids, working in tandem, contribute to a lipid signaling complex widely responsible for inducing an inflammatory immune response. Common signs of inflammation are both internal and external, with effects like visible redness, pain in the surrounding area, swelling, and the sensation of heat—many of these an effect of varying eicosanoid species. These effects are associated with and have been observed in patients with cancers and various neurological/metabolic disorders. :''See Essential Fatty Acid for nomenclature.'' Two isomers, both of them essential fatty acids, are of particular interest: * ''all-cis''-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid is an ω-6 fatty acid with the trivial name arachidonic acid. It is formed by a desaturation o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatty Acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are a major component of the lipids (up to 70% by weight) in some species such as microalgae but in some other organisms are not found in their standalone form, but instead exist as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and important structural components for cells. History The concept of fatty acid (''acide gras'') was introduced in 1813 by Michel Eugène Chevreul, though he initially used some variant terms: ''graisse acide'' and ''acide huileux'' ("acid fat" and "oily acid"). Types of fatty acids Fatty acids are classified in many ways: by length, by saturation vs unsa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omega-3 Fatty Acid
Omega−3 fatty acids, also called Omega-3 oils, ω−3 fatty acids or ''n''−3 fatty acids, are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized by the presence of a double bond, three atoms away from the terminal methyl group in their chemical structure. They are widely distributed in nature, being important constituents of animal lipid metabolism, and they play an important role in the human diet and in human physiology. The three types of omega−3 fatty acids involved in human physiology are α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA can be found in plants, while DHA and EPA are found in algae and fish. Marine algae and phytoplankton are primary sources of omega−3 fatty acids. DHA and EPA accumulate in fish that eat these algae. Common sources of plant oils containing ALA include walnuts, edible seeds, and flaxseeds as well as hempseed oil, while sources of EPA and DHA include fish and fish oils, and algae oil. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omega-6 Fatty Acids
Omega-6 fatty acids (also referred to as ω-6 fatty acids or ''n''-6 fatty acids) are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the ''n''-6 position, that is, the sixth bond, counting from the methyl end. Health effects One review found that an increased intake of omega‐6 fatty acids has been shown to reduce total serum cholesterol and may reduce myocardial infarction. The same review found no significant change in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. A 2021 review found that omega 6 supplements do not affect the risk of CVD morbidity and mortality. Dietary sources Dietary sources of omega-6 fatty acids include: * poultry * eggs * nuts * hulled sesame seeds * cereals * durum wheat * whole-grain breads * pumpkin seeds * hemp seeds Vegetable oils Vegetable oils are a major source of omega-6 linoleic acid. Worldwide, more than 100 million metric tons of vegetable oils are extracted annually from palm fruits, soy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega−3 fatty acids, also called Omega-3 oils, ω−3 fatty acids or ''n''−3 fatty acids, are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized by the presence of a double bond, three atoms away from the terminal methyl group in their chemical structure. They are widely distributed in nature, being important constituents of animal lipid metabolism, and they play an important role in the human diet and in human physiology. The three types of omega−3 fatty acids involved in human physiology are α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA can be found in plants, while DHA and EPA are found in algae and fish. Marine algae and phytoplankton are primary sources of omega−3 fatty acids. DHA and EPA accumulate in fish that eat these algae. Common sources of plant oils containing ALA include walnuts, edible seeds, and flaxseeds as well as hempseed oil, while sources of EPA and DHA include fish and fish oils, and algae oil. Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids, also called ω−3 fatty acids or ''n''−3 fatty acids, are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Omega−3 fatty acids are important for normal metabolism. Mammals are unable to synthesize omega−3 fatty acids, but can obtain the shorter-chain omega−3 fatty acid ALA (18 carbons and 3 double bonds) through diet and use it to form the more important long-chain omega−3 fatty acids, EPA (20 carbons and 5 double bonds) and then from EPA, the most crucial, DHA (22 carbons and 6 double bonds). List of omega-3 fatty acids List of foods with omega-3 fatty acids List of omega-3 oils {, class="sortable wikitable" ! Oil ! Diet type ! ω−3 content , - , Avocado oil , Fruit/Vegetable , 0.03% , - , Olive oil , Fruit/Vegetable , 0.7% , - , Linseed oil/Flaxseed oil , Seed , 51.9% – 55.2% , - , Hemp oil , Seed , 22% , - , Walnut oil , Seed , 14% , - , Canola oil , Seed , 9% - 11% , - , Soybean oil , Seed , 7% - 10% , - , Mustard oil , Seed , 6% , - , Pumpki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are fatty acids that contain more than one double bond in their backbone. This class includes many important compounds, such as essential fatty acids and those that give drying oils their characteristic property. Polyunsaturated fatty acids can be classified in various groups by their chemical structure: * methylene-interrupted polyenes * conjugated fatty acids * other PUFAs Based on the length of their carbon backbone, they are sometimes classified in two groups: * short chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (SC-PUFA), with 18 carbon atoms * long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) with 20 or more carbon atoms Dietary sources Types Methylene-interrupted polyenes These fatty acids have 2 or more ''Cis-trans isomerism, cis'' double bonds that are separated from each other by a single methylene bridge (--). This form is also sometimes called a ''divinylmethane pattern''. The essential fatty acids are all omega-3 and -6 methylene-i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mortierella Alpina
''Mortierella'' species are soil fungi belonging to the order Mortierellales within the subphylum Mortierellomycotina (phylum: Mucoromycota). The widespread genus contains about 85 species. Taxonomy The genus name of ''Mortierella'' is in honour of Barthélemy Dumortier (1797–1878), who was a Belgian who conducted a parallel career of botanist and Member of Parliament. The genus was circumscribed by Henri Eugène Lucien Gaëtan Coemans in Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique series 2, Vol.15 on pages 536-539 in 1863. Ecology Species of ''Mortierella'' live as saprotrophs in soil, on decaying leaves and other organic material. Other species live on fecal pellets or on exoskeletons of arthropods ''Penicillium'', ''Trichoderma'', ''Mucor'' and ''Mortierella'' species belong to an ecology group which are the first organisms growing on roots. Salt described that the frequency of ''Mortierella'' species growing on the surface of roots from spruce is higher in comparison to other spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Green-lipped Mussel
''Perna canaliculus'', the New Zealand green-lipped mussel, also known as the New Zealand mussel, the greenshell mussel, ''kuku'', and ''kutai'', is a bivalve mollusc in the family Mytilidae (the true mussels). ''P. canaliculus'' has economic importance as a cultivated species in New Zealand. Distribution ''Perna canaliculus'' occurs around all of New Zealand's mainland. It is usually found below the intertidal zone, but it can occur in the intertidal zone. ''P. canaliculus'' feeds on various types of phytoplankton. Description This shellfish is economically important to New Zealand. It differs from other mussel species in that it has dark brown/green shells with green lips around the edges, and has only one adductor muscle. It is also one of the largest mussel species, reaching in length. Aquaculture ''P. canaliculus'' is endemic to New Zealand. When grown for aquaculture there, it is marketed under the trademark name Greenshell. This industry produces over annually an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; also icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3). It also has the trivial name timnodonic acid. In chemical structure, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five '' cis'' double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. EPA is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that acts as a precursor for prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 eicosanoids. EPA is both a precursor and the hydrolytic breakdown product of eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA: C22 H35 NO2; 20:5,n-3). Although studies of fish oil supplements, which contain both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and EPA, have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes, a recent multi-year study of Vascepa ( ethyl eicosapentaenoate, the ethyl ester of the free fatty acid), a prescription drug containing only EPA, was sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stearidonic Acid
Stearidonic acid (SDA: C18 H28 O2; 18: 4, n-3) is an ω-3 fatty acid, sometimes called moroctic acid. It is biosynthesized from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA: C18H30O2; 18:3, n-3) by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase, that removes two hydrogen (H) atoms from a fatty acid, creating a carbon/carbon double bonding, via an oxygen requiring unsaturation. SDA also act as precursor for the rapid synthesis of longer chain fatty acids, called ''N''-acylethanolamine (NAEs), involved in many important biological processes. Natural sources of this fatty acid are the seed oils of hemp, blackcurrant, corn gromwell, and '' Echium plantagineum'', and the cyanobacterium ''Spirulina''. SDA can also be synthesized in a lab. A GMO soybean source is approved by the European Food Safety Authority The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eicosanoid
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are, similar to arachidonic acid, around 20 carbon units in length. Eicosanoids are a sub-category of oxylipins, i.e. oxidized fatty acids of diverse carbon units in length, and are distinguished from other oxylipins by their overwhelming importance as cell signaling molecules. Eicosanoids function in diverse physiological systems and pathological processes such as: mounting or inhibiting inflammation, allergy, fever and other immune responses; regulating the abortion of pregnancy and normal childbirth; contributing to the perception of pain; regulating cell growth; controlling blood pressure; and modulating the regional flow of blood to tissues. In performing these roles, eicosanoids most often act as autocrine signaling agents to impact their cells of origin or as paracrine signaling agents to impact cells in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
