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Election Boycott
An election boycott is the boycotting of an election by a group of voters, each of whom abstention, abstains from voting. Boycotting may be used as a form of political protest where voters feel that electoral fraud is likely, or that the electoral system is biased against its candidates, that the polity organizing the election lacks legitimacy (political science), legitimacy, or that the candidates running are very unpopular. In jurisdictions with compulsory voting, a boycott may amount to an act of civil disobedience; alternatively, supporters of the boycott may be able to cast blank votes or vote for "none of the above". Boycotting voters may belong to a particular Regionalism (politics), regional or ethnic group. A particular political party or candidate may refuse to run in the election and urges its supporters to boycott the vote. In the case of a referendum, a boycott may be used as a tactical voting, voting tactic by opponents of the proposition. If the referendum requi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boycott
A boycott is an act of nonviolent resistance, nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organisation, or country as an expression of protest. It is usually for Morality, moral, society, social, politics, political, or Environmentalism, environmental reasons. The purpose of a boycott is to inflict some economic loss on the target, or to indicate a moral outrage, usually to try to compel the target to alter an objectionable behavior. The word is named after Captain Charles Boycott, agent of an absentee landlord in Ireland, against whom the tactic was successfully employed after a suggestion by Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell and his Irish Land League in 1880. Sometimes, a boycott can be a form of consumer activism, sometimes called moral purchasing. When a similar practice is legislated by a national government, it is known as a Economic sanctions, sanction. Frequently, however, the threat of boycotting a business is an empty threat, with no signifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quorum
A quorum is the minimum number of members of a group necessary to constitute the group at a meeting. In a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature), a quorum is necessary to conduct the business of that group. In contrast, a plenum is a meeting of the full (or rarely nearly full) body. A body, or a meeting or vote of it, is quorate if a quorum is present (or casts valid votes). The term ''quorum'' is from a Middle English wording of the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace, derived from Latin ''quorum'', "of whom", genitive plural of ''qui'', " who". As a result, ''quora'' as plural of ''quorum'' is not a grammatically well-formed Latin-language construction. In modern times a quorum might be defined as the minimum number of voters needed for a valid election. Quorums are often required by traditional handbooks of parliamentary procedure such as Robert's Rules of Order. However, quorums have been criticized by s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
February 1996 Bangladeshi General Election
General elections were held in Bangladesh on 15 February 1996. They were boycotted by most opposition parties, and saw voter turnout drop to just 15%.Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p525 The result was a victory for the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), which won 278 of the 300 directly elected seats. This administration was short-lived, however, only lasting 12 days before the installation of caretaker government and fresh elections held in June. The elections were characterized by violence, as well as boycotts by major opposition parties. Background In March 1994 controversy over a parliamentary by-election, which the Bangladesh Awami League-led opposition claimed the BNP government had rigged, led to an indefinite boycott of Parliament by the entire opposition. The opposition also began a program of repeated general strikes to press its demand that Khaleda Zia's government resign and that a caretak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1993 Togolese Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in Togo on 25 August 1993. They were the first presidential elections in the country to feature more than one candidate. However, the major opposition parties boycotted the election, and only two minor candidates ran against incumbent President Gnassingbé Eyadéma, who ultimately won over 95% of the vote. Voter turnout was reported to be just 36%. Results The official results were inconsistent,Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p905 with the total number of votes for candidates being ten votes lower than the number of valid votes, and the total of valid and invalid votes (762,593) being higher than the figure for total votes cast (751,495).Journal Officiel 10 September 1993 References {{Togol ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1992 Ghanaian Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Ghana on 29 December 1992, the first since 1979. Voter turnout was just 28.1% amidst a boycott by opposition parties, who had claimed the preceding presidential elections in November – won by former military ruler Jerry Rawlings with 58% of the vote – were fraudulent, with international observers considering them not to have been conducted in a free and fair manner. The result was a victory for Rawlings's National Democratic Congress, which won 189 of the 200 seats. Results A total of 8,229,902 voters were registered,Nohlen ''et al''. p434 but 893,056 were in the 23 constituencies that were uncontested. By region See also *List of Ghana Parliament constituencies * List of MPs elected in the 1992 Ghanaian parliamentary election References External links and sources Elected Parliamentarians - 1992 Elections Electoral Commission of GhanaArchivedfrom original on 12 January 2011 Parliamentary elections in Ghana Ghana Ghana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1991 Burkinabé Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in Burkina Faso on 1 December 1991. They were the first elections in the country since 1978, but were boycotted by the opposition parties. The result was a victory for the only candidate, incumbent President Blaise Compaoré, although voter turnout was just 27.3%.Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p146 Results References {{Burkinabe elections Presidential elections in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest. It covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,87 ... Presidential Single-candidate elections ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1989 South African General Election
General elections were held in South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ... on 6 September 1989, the last under apartheid. Snap elections had been called early (no election was required until 1992) by the recently elected head of the National Party (South Africa), National Party (NP), F. W. de Klerk, who was in the process of replacing P. W. Botha as the country's president, and his expected program of reform to include further retreat from the policy of apartheid. The creation of the Conservative Party (South Africa), Conservative Party had realigned the NP as a moderate party, now almost certain to initiate negotiations with the black opposition, with liberal opposition (the PFP) openly seeking a new constitutional settlement on liberal democratic and federali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1984 South African General Election
Events January * January 1 – The Bornean Sultanate of Brunei gains full independence from the United Kingdom, having become a British protectorate in 1888. * January 7 – Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). * January 9 – Van Halen releases their sixth studio album ''1984'' (''MCMLXXXIV''), which debuts at number 2 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, and will go to sell over 10 million copies in the United States. * January 10 ** The United States and the Vatican (Holy See) restore full diplomatic relations. ** The Victoria Agreement is signed, institutionalising the Indian Ocean Commission. *January 24 – Steve Jobs launches the Macintosh personal computer in the United States. *January 27 – American singer Michael Jackson's hair caught on fire during the making of the Pepsi commercial. February * February 3 ** John Buster and the research team at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center announce history's first embryo trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1983 Jamaican General Election
Early general elections were held in Jamaica on 15 December 1983.Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p430 The elections were effectively ended as a contest when the main opposition party, the People's National Party, Election boycott, boycotted the election to protest the refusal of the ruling Jamaican Labour Party to update the electoral roll amid allegations of voter fraud.Nohlen, p425 Several minor parties participated in the election, but they only contested six of the 60 seats: with voter turnout of about 55%, this gave a nationwide figure of a meagre 3%. The Labour Party won all 60 seats in the House of Representatives of Jamaica, House of Representatives, with their leader, Edward Seaga, continuing as Prime Minister of Jamaica, Prime Minister. Background The Labour Party had convincingly won the 1980 Jamaican general election, 1980 general election, taking 51 of the 60 seats in the House of Representatives. At the time, the party ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1978 South West African Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in South West Africa between 4 and 8 December 1978. These were the first elections conducted under universal adult suffrage, all previous elections had been Whites-only. The 1978 elections were won by the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance, which claimed 41 of the 50 seats. The elections were conducted without United Nations (UN) supervision, and in defiance of the 1972 United Nations General Assembly's recognition of the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the "sole representative of Namibia's people". The UN henceforth declared the elections null and void. The resulting government, dependent on South African approval for all its legislation, was in power until its dissolution in 1983. Background The elections were a direct outcome of the 1975–1977 Turnhalle Constitutional Conference, a controversial conference in Windhoek that developed a draft constitution for a semi-autonomous South West Africa. Representatives of 11 South Wes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1978 Guyanese Constitutional Referendum
Events January * January 1 – Air India Flight 855, a Boeing 747 passenger jet, crashes off the coast of Bombay, killing 213. * January 5 – Bülent Ecevit, of CHP, forms the new government of Turkey (42nd government). * January 6 – The Holy Crown of Hungary (also known as Stephen of Hungary Crown) is returned to Hungary from the United States, where it was held since World War II. * January 10 – Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, a critic of the Nicaraguan government, is assassinated; riots erupt against Somoza's government. * January 13 – Former American Vice President Hubert Humphrey, a Democrat, dies of cancer in Waverly, Minnesota, at the age of 66. * January 18 – The European Court of Human Rights finds the British government guilty of mistreating prisoners in Northern Ireland, but not guilty of torture. * January 22 – Ethiopia declares the ambassador of West Germany ''persona non grata''. * January 24 ** Soviet satellite Kosmos 954 burns up in Earth's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1973 Northern Ireland Sovereignty Referendum
The 1973 Northern Ireland border poll was a referendum held in Northern Ireland on 8 March 1973 on whether Northern Ireland should remain part of the United Kingdom or join with the Republic of Ireland to form a united Ireland. It was the first time that a major referendum had been held in any region of the United Kingdom. The referendum was boycotted by nationalists and resulted in a conclusive victory for remaining in the UK. On a voter turnout of 58.7 percent, 98.9 percent voted to remain in the United Kingdom, meaning the outcome among registered voters was not affected by the boycott. Party support The Unionist parties supported the 'UK' option, as did the Northern Ireland Labour Party and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. However, the Alliance Party was also critical of the poll. While it supported the holding of periodic plebiscites on the constitutional link with Great Britain, the party felt that to avoid the border poll becoming a "sectarian head count", it should ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
