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Dérogeance
Dérogeance ("derogation (of nobility)") was grievance for persons who did acts deemed unworthy of the noble status. A consequence of dérogeance was loss of the privileges of nobility (but not full revocation of nobility). In particular the person was no longer free of taxation. Dérogeance included engagement in certain professions and occupations considered to be "lowly". In particular, it prevented the nobility from engaging in commerce and retail trade. Many ancient cultures restricted their noble classes from commercial activity,"The Thracians, Scythians, Persians, Egyptians, Lydians, Lacedaemonians, Athenians, Thebans, and Romans were all believed to have expelled from the nobility anyone who engaged in commerce. . . . Tiraqueau traced the origins of ''dérogeance'' back to Noah and Adam; Gilles-André La Roque saw its beginning in heaven." although this was less true of the Roman Empire. As the economies of Europe evolved in the latter 17th century and the 18th century, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revocation Of Nobility
Revocation of nobility is the removal of the noble status of a person. It should be distinguished from the concept of dérogeance ("derogation" of nobility), which, e.g., in the context of French history, led to removal of the privileges of nobility, but not necessarily the right for nobility itself. In particular, the nobility of descendants was not automatically lost. Nobility could be restored by the King's Letter of Rehabilitation (''Lettre de réhabilitation''). Since nobility was exempted from taxes, especially the ''taille'', many usurped the appearances of nobility, and this usurpation could continue across generations. Therefore, in France there was a special establishment "Grand Inquiry into Nobility" '' Grande enquête sur la noblesse'', which was in force during 1666–1727. This was accompanied by various edicts which declared certain elements of the outfit (heraldry, armaments, decorations, etc.) to be permitted only for nobility. Revocation of usurped nobility wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nobility
Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteristics associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles or simply formal functions (e.g., precedence), and vary by country and by era. Membership in the nobility, including rights and responsibilities, is typically hereditary and patrilineal. Membership in the nobility has historically been granted by a monarch or government, and acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, ownerships, or royal favour has occasionally enabled commoners to ascend into the nobility. There are often a variety of ranks within the noble class. Legal recognition of nobility has been much more common in monarchies, but nobility also existed in such regimes as the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), the Republic of Genoa (1005 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
André Tiraqueau
André Tiraqueau ( la, Andreas Tiraquellus) (1488–1558) was a French jurist and politician. He is known also as a patron of François Rabelais, and the character Trinquamelle in ''Gargantua and Pantagruel'' is traditionally identified with Tiraqueau.Edwin M. Duval, ''The Design of Rabelais's Tiers livre de Pantagruel'', p. 136Google Books Life He was a legal humanist based in Fontenay-le-Comte, Poitou, where he knew Amaury Bouchard. He married Marie Cailler, daughter of Artus Caillier, a legal officer at Fontenay; the marriage took place in 1512, when she was still very young, and he proceeded with two works on the '' Querelle des femmes'' and married life. Tiraqueau held the local legal offices of ''juge-châtelain'' and ''lieutenant''. He was appointed a counsellor of the Parlement of Paris in 1531. Pierre Bayle included a chapter on "Books and Children" in his ''Historical and Critical Dictionary'' calling into question a claim that Tiraqueau fathered 45 children and wrote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi
Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi (28 December 1717Jürgen Georg Backhaus, ''The Beginnings of Political Economy: Johann Heinrich Gottlob Von Justi'' (Springer, 2008: ), p. 20 The Political Economy of J.H.G. Justi by Ulrich Adam, p. 24/ref>21 July 1771) was one of the leading German Political economy, political economists in the 18th century. Life Justi was born in Brücken, Saxony-Anhalt, Brücken. From 1750 to 1753, Justi taught at the Theresianum Knights Academy in Vienna, Austria, where he established close contacts with Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz whose administrative reforms exerted a strong influence on his political ideas. After briefly settling in Erfurt and Leipzig, Justi was appointed Director of Police in Göttingen in 1755. In Göttingen Justi started his systematic study of contemporary French works, in particular Montesquieu's ''Spirit of the Laws''. In 1757, he accepted an invitation of the Danish minister Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff, Bernstorff to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vituperatio Nobilitatis
Nagana szlachectwa ( la, 'Vituperatio nobilitatis'), literally reprobation/reprimand/censure of nobility, also translated by Norman Davies as Test of Nobility Norman Davies, ''God's Playground''/ref> was a legal procedure of the revocation of nobility in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to the absence of formalized heraldry laws and lineage in early Poland, nobility of a person was tested in a regular court. The confirmation of nobility was based on calling for a certain number of witnesses. In Poland this was in accordance with a 1633 statute, in Lithuania by Chapter 3, Article 22 of a 1588 Statute. The latter demanded two witnesses each from the maternal and paternal side. The penalty for perjury was being stripped of one's own szlachta status, by the Constitution of 1601. In case of the successful ''nagana'', the accuser earned up to half of the property of the accused, with the other half going to the state. The justice was highly prone to miscarriage, in particular, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
