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Cryogenic Energy Storage
Cryogenic energy storage (CES) is the use of low temperature (cryogenic) liquids such as liquid air or liquid nitrogen to store energy. The technology is primarily used for the large-scale storage of electricity. Following grid-scale demonstrator plants, a 250 MWh commercial plant is now under construction in the UK, and a 400 MWh store is planned in the USA. Grid energy storage Process When it is cheaper (usually at night), electricity is used to cool air from the atmosphere to -195 °C using the Claude Cycle to the point where it liquefies. The liquid air, which takes up one-thousandth of the volume of the gas, can be kept for a long time in a large vacuum flask at atmospheric pressure. At times of high demand for electricity, the liquid air is pumped at high pressure into a heat exchanger, which acts as a boiler. Air from the atmosphere at ambient temperature, or hot water from an industrial heat source, is used to heat the liquid and turn it back into a gas. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryogenic
In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures. The 13th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of “cryogenics” and “cryogenic” by accepting a threshold of 120 K (or –153 °C) to distinguish these terms from the conventional refrigeration. This is a logical dividing line, since the normal boiling points of the so-called permanent gases (such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and normal air) lie below 120K while the Freon refrigerants, hydrocarbons, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above 120K. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology considers the field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below -153 Celsius (120K; -243.4 Fahrenheit) Discovery of superconducting materials with critical temperatures significantly above the boiling point of nitrogen has provided new interest in reliable, low cost ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frequency Response (electrical Grid)
Power system operations is a term used in electricity generation to describe the process of decision-making on the timescale from one day (day-ahead operation) to minutes prior to the power delivery. The term power system control describes actions taken in response to unplanned ''disturbances'' (e.g., changes in demand or equipment failures) in order to provide reliable electric supply of acceptable quality. The corresponding engineering branch is called Power System Operations and Control. Electricity is hard to store, so at any moment the supply (generation) shall be balanced with demand (" grid balancing"). In an electrical grid the task of real-time balancing is performed by a regional-based control center, run by an electric utility in the traditional ( vertically integrated) electricity market. In the restructured North American power transmission grid, these centers belong to '' balancing authorities'' numbered 74 in 2016, the entities responsible for operations are also cal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liquid Nitrogen Vehicle
A liquid nitrogen vehicle is powered by liquid nitrogen, which is stored in a tank. Traditional nitrogen engine designs work by heating the liquid nitrogen in a heat exchanger, extracting heat from the ambient air and using the resulting pressurized gas to operate a piston or rotary motor. Vehicles propelled by liquid nitrogen have been demonstrated, but are not used commercially. One such vehicle, '' Liquid Air'', was demonstrated in 1902. Liquid nitrogen propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems, e.g., battery electric propulsion and fuel tanks to recharge the batteries. This kind of system is called a hybrid liquid nitrogen-electric propulsion. Additionally, regenerative braking can also be used in conjunction with this system. One advantage of the liquid nitrogen vehicle is that the exhaust gas is simply nitrogen, a component of air, and thus it produces no localized air pollution in the tailpipe emissions. This does not make it completely pollution free, since ener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liquid Air
Liquid air is air that has been cooled to very low temperatures ( cryogenic temperatures), so that it has condensed into a pale blue mobile liquid. To thermally insulate it from room temperature, it is stored in specialized containers ( vacuum insulated flasks are often used). Liquid air can absorb heat rapidly and revert to its gaseous state. It is often used for condensing other substances into liquid and/or solidifying them, and as an industrial source of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and other inert gases through a process called air separation. Properties Liquid air has a density of approximately . The density of a given air sample varies depending on the composition of that sample (e.g. humidity & concentration). Since dry gaseous air contains approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon, the density of liquid air at standard composition is calculated by the percentage of the components and their respective liquid densities (see liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen). Alth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atacama
The Atacama Desert ( es, Desierto de Atacama) is a desert plateau in South America covering a 1,600 km (990 mi) strip of land on the Pacific coast, west of the Andes Mountains. The Atacama Desert is the driest nonpolar desert in the world, and the second driest overall, just behind some very specific spots within the McMurdo Dry Valleys as well as the only hot true desert to receive less precipitation than the polar deserts, and the largest fog desert in the world. Both regions have been used as experimentation sites on Earth for Mars expedition simulations. The Atacama Desert occupies , or if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included. Most of the desert is composed of stony terrain, salt lakes (''salares''), sand, and felsic lava that flows towards the Andes. The desert owes its extreme aridity to a constant temperature inversion due to the cool north-flowing Humboldt ocean current and to the presence of the strong Pacific anticyclone. The most arid region ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gateway Energy Storage
Gateway Energy Storage is a large-scale lithium-ion battery, operated by grid infrastructure developer LS Power. It has a storage capacity of 250 MWh, and it is located in Otay Mesa, California, on the outskirts of San Diego. It uses cells from LG Chem. The purpose of the battery is to provide power during times of peak demand after being charged with solar power Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovolta ... during the day. References Battery (electricity) Power stations in California {{US-powerstation-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carrington, Greater Manchester
Carrington is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. Historically a part of Cheshire, the village is west of the Greater Manchester Urban Area, and includes several industrial sites. History Several derivations of the name Carrington have been suggested, all from Old English. The name may mean "estate associated with a man called Cara"; alternatively, the first part of the name may be derived from ''caring'', meaning "tending or herding" or ''cring'', which means "river bend", so either "place associated with herding", or "settlement by a river bend". In the 12th century, Carrington was known as Carrintona. Industry Carrington has a large gas and chemical works, which produce gases by fractional distillation of liquid air. It used to be the site of a Shell Chemicals refinery, which produced polythene and polystyrene. Carrington Power Station was on the south bank of the Manchester Ship Canal. Building work commenced i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Praxair
Praxair, Inc. was an American worldwide industrial gases company. Founded in 1907, Praxair was the largest industrial gases company in North and South America, and the third-largest worldwide by revenue. In 2018 it merged with Linde AG to form Linde plc. The Praxair name was discontinued on September 1, 2020 in the US. History The company was founded by Carl von Linde as Linde Air Products Company in 1907. During the First World War, however, it was confiscated and in 1917, it joined with 4 other chemical companies under the name '' Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation'', while maintaining a separate identity. Its degree of independence waxed and waned over the years, and in 1992, it was spun off as a subsidiary, ''Union Carbide Industrial Gases Inc.'', and renamed to ''Praxair'' when it became a formally independent company three years later. The name is derived from a combination of the Greek word "praxis", or practical application, and "air", the company's primary raw mater ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tacoma Power
Tacoma Power is a public utility providing electrical power to Tacoma, Washington and the surrounding areas. Tacoma Power serves the cities of Tacoma, University Place, Fircrest, and Fife, and also provides service to parts of Steilacoom, Lakewood, and unincorporated Pierce County. It is a division of the Tacoma Public Utilities and owns the Click! Network, developed by Steven Klein, Tacoma Power's former superintendent. History In 1884, Charles B. Wright was granted the exclusive right to create Tacoma's first power and water company, incorporating the Tacoma Light and Water Company. Wright's system drew water from Tule and Spanaway Lakes and Clover Creek. The water was transported to the city through a 10-mile wooden flume that emptied into an in-town reservoir. The flume was mostly uncovered and attracted thirsty cows and children in search of a good wading pool.Bjork v. Tacoma (1913) 76 Wash. 225, 135 Pac. 1005 This led to the spread of disease. Tacoma City Light was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bury, Greater Manchester
Bury ( ) is a market town on the River Irwell in Greater Manchester, England. Metropolitan Borough of Bury is administered from the town, which had an estimated population of 78,723 in 2015. The town is within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire. It emerged in the Industrial Revolution as a mill town manufacturing textiles. The town is known for the open-air Bury Market and black pudding, the traditional local dish. Sir Robert Peel was born in the town. Peel was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who founded the Metropolitan Police and the Conservative Party. A memorial and monument for Peel, the former stands outside Bury parish church and the latter overlooks the borough on Holcombe Hill. The town is east of Bolton and southwest of Rochdale. It is northwest of Manchester, having a Manchester Metrolink tram terminus. History Toponymy The name ''Bury'' (also earlier known as ''Buri'' and ''Byri'') comes from an Old English word, meaning ''castle'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pilsworth
Pilsworth is an area in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, Greater Manchester, England. Historically, it was a township, but in 1894 it was divided between Bury, Heywood, and Unsworth.'Townships: Pilsworth', ''A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 5'' (1911), pp. 169–170. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=53021. Retrieved on 30 August 2008. It was formerly home to a retail and leisure complex called Park 66, consisting of a cinema, a ten-pin bowling alley, an Asda superstore and a selection of food outlets including Pizza Hut, McDonald's McDonald's Corporation is an American multinational fast food chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechristened their business as a hambur ..., Frankie & Benny's and Chiquito. Following the closure of the cinema most of the other retail and leisure venues followed suit with only Asda and McDonald ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viridor
Viridor Ltd (from the Latin 'to become green') is a recycling, renewable energy and waste management company in the United Kingdom, owned by KKR (previously owned by Pennon Group). History The company was formed in 1956 as Harrison Western Ltd, later becoming Haul Waste Ltd. Haul Waste became part of Pennon (then South West Water Ltd) in 1993, and grew by purchasing companies in the waste collection and landfill disposal market. In 1995 it bought Blue Circle Waste Management, bringing about South West Water's name change to Pennon Group in 1998, and the merger of Haul Waste and Blue Circle Waste Management under Viridor. It subsequently acquired part of Churngold's waste business in June 2003, Thames Waste Management in 2004, Somerset LAWDC Wyvern Waste in 2006, Grosvenor Waste Management and Skipaway Holdings in 2007, and Shore Recycling in 2008. Later in 2015 Viridor took over the collection side of Dorset based waste company Commercial Recycling. Today the business is va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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