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Critical Apparatus
A critical apparatus ( la, apparatus criticus) in textual criticism of primary source material, is an organized system of notations to represent, in a single text, the complex history of that text in a concise form useful to diligent readers and scholars. The apparatus typically includes footnotes, standardized abbreviations for the source manuscripts, and symbols for denoting recurring problems (one symbol for each type of scribal error). As conceived of by one 19th-century editor: Shakespearean studies Many editions employ a standard format for a critical apparatus, as illustrated by a line from ''Hamlet'', which the Oxford ''Complete Works'' (1988) prints as follows: The apparatus for the line might be rendered as: The format of the apparatus has several parts: * The location of the variant in the text (act, scene, line number) * The ''lemma'', which is the portion of the text to which the note applies * A right bracket (]) * The source from which the edition took its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musonius Rufus Reliquiae Hense 1905 Page 1
''Musonius luctuosus'' is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae The longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), also known as long-horned or longicorns, are a large family of beetles, with over 35,000 species described. Most species are characterized by extremely long antennae, which are often as long as or longer than ..., and the only species in the genus ''Musonius''. It was first described by Fairmaire in 1902. Retrieved on 8 September 2014. References Crossotini Beetles described in 1902[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994) was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He founded the ''Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung'' (Institute for New Testament Textual Research) in Münster and served as its first director from 1959 to 1983. He was one of the principal editors of '' Nestle–Aland – Novum Testamentum Graece'' for the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft and '' The Greek New Testament'' for the United Bible Societies. Life Aland was born in Berlin-Steglitz. He started studying theology in 1933 at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin (he also studied philology, archaeology, and history). On 23 March that year, he was examined before the ''Bruderrat'' (council of brothers) in the '' Bekennende Kirche'' (Confessing Church). During his studies, he worked for the journal of the Confessing Church, ''Junge Kirche'' (Young Church). In an ideological brochure, ''Wer fälscht?'' (Who is lying ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of New Testament Lectionaries
A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to: People * List (surname) Organizations * List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America * SC Germania List, German rugby union club Other uses * Angle of list, the leaning to either port or starboard of a ship * List (information), an ordered collection of pieces of information ** List (abstract data type), a method to organize data in computer science * List on Sylt, previously called List, the northernmost village in Germany, on the island of Sylt * ''List'', an alternative term for ''roll'' in flight dynamics * To ''list'' a building, etc., in the UK it means to designate it a listed building that may not be altered without permission * Lists (jousting), the barriers used to designate the tournament area where medieval knights jousted * ''The Book of Lists'', an American series of books with unusual lists See also * The List (other) * Listing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lists Of New Testament Minuscules
The list of New Testament Minuscules ordered by Gregory-Aland index number is divided into three sections: * List of New Testament minuscules (1–1000) * List of New Testament minuscules (1001–2000) * List of New Testament minuscules (2001–3000) By location and institution List of New Testament Minuscules ordered by location and hosting institution: (*) Indicates only a portion of manuscript held by institution. (**) Indicates manuscript is a forgery. Bold Indicates manuscript has been color photographed. A–F G H–M N–T U–Z See also *List of artifacts significant to the Bible *List of New Testament Church Fathers * List of New Testament Latin manuscripts * List of New Testament lectionaries * List of New Testament amulets *List of New Testament papyri *List of New Testament uncials A New Testament uncial is a section of the New Testament in Greek or Latin majuscule letters, written on parchment or vellum. This style of writing is called ''Biblic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chester Beatty Papyri
The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri or simply the Chester Beatty Papyri are a group of early papyrus manuscripts of biblical texts. The manuscripts are in Greek and are of Christian origin. There are eleven manuscripts in the group, seven consisting of portions of Old Testament books, three consisting of portions of the New Testament (Gregory-Aland no. , , and ), and one consisting of portions of the Book of Enoch and an unidentified Christian homily. Most are dated to the 3rd century. They are housed in part at the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin, Ireland, and in part at the University of Michigan, among a few other locations. The papyri were most likely first obtained by dealers in illegal antiquities. Because of this, the exact circumstances of the find are not clear. One account states that the manuscripts were in jars in a Coptic graveyard near the ruins of the ancient city of Aphroditopolis. Other theories have proposed that the collection was found near the Fayum i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gospel Of John
The Gospel of John ( grc, Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ἰωάννην, translit=Euangélion katà Iōánnēn) is the fourth of the four canonical gospels. It contains a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus) and seven "I am" discourses (concerned with issues of the church–synagogue debate at the time of composition) culminating in Thomas' proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God". The gospel's concluding verses set out its purpose, "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name." John reached its final form around AD 90–110, although it contains signs of origins dating back to AD 70 and possibly even earlier. Like the three other gospels, it is anonymous, although it identifies an unnamed " disciple whom Jesus loved" as the source of its traditions. It most likely arose withi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 208 + 1781
Papyrus 5 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by siglum , is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John dating palaeographically to the early 3rd century.Philip W. Comfort and David P. Barrett. ''The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts''. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated, 2001, p. 73. The papyrus is housed in the British Library. It has survived in a very fragmentary condition. The text of the manuscript was reconstructed several times. Textually it is very close to Codex Sinaiticus, but with some exceptions. Description The manuscript is a fragment of three leaves, written in one column per page, 27 lines per page. The surviving text of John are verses 1:23-31,33-40; 16:14-30; 20:11-17,19-20,22-25. It was written in a documentary hand, in a round, upright uncial of medium size. It uses the nomina sacra with abbreviations ( ), though not for ανθρωπος.Peter M. Hea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blackletter
Blackletter (sometimes black letter), also known as Gothic script, Gothic minuscule, or Textura, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 until the 17th century. It continued to be commonly used for the Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish languages until the 1870s, and for the German language until the 1940s, when Hitler's distaste for the supposedly "Jewish-influenced" script saw it officially discontinued in 1941. Fraktur is a notable script of this type, and sometimes the entire group of blackletter faces is incorrectly referred to as Fraktur. Blackletter is sometimes referred to as Old English, but it is not to be confused with the Old English language, which predates blackletter by many centuries and was written in the insular script or in Futhorc. Along with Italic type and Roman type, blackletter served as one of the major typefaces in the history of Western typography. Origins Carolingian minuscule was the direct ancestor of blackletter. Bl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of New Testament Papyri
A New Testament papyrus is a copy of a portion of the New Testament made on papyrus. To date, over 140 such papyri are known. In general, they are considered the earliest witnesses to the original text of the New Testament. This elite status among New Testament manuscripts only began in the 20th century. The grouping was first introduced by Caspar René Gregory, who assigned papyri texts the Blackletter character 𝔓 followed by a superscript number. This number refers not to the age of the papyrus, but to the order in which it was registered.Law 2012, p. 95 Before 1900, only 9 papyri manuscripts were known, and only one had been cited in a critical apparatus ( by Constantin von Tischendorf). These 9 papyri were just single fragments, except for , which consisted of a single whole leaf. The discoveries of the twentieth century brought about the earliest known New Testament manuscript fragments. Kenyon in 1912 knew 14 papyri, Aland in his first edition of ''Kurzgefasste...'' in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Zacynthius
Codex Zacynthius (designated by siglum Ξ or 040 in the Gregory-Aland numbering; A1 in von Soden) is a Greek New Testament codex, dated paleographically to the 6th century. First thought to have been written in the 8th century, it is a palimpsest—the original (lower) text was washed off its vellum pages and overwritten in the 12th or 13th century. The upper text of the palimpsest contains weekday Gospel lessons (''ℓ''299); the lower text contains portions of the Gospel of Luke, deciphered by biblical scholar and palaeographer Tregelles in 1861. The lower text is of most interest to scholars. The manuscript came from Zakynthos, a Greek island, and has survived in a fragmentary condition. It was brought to England in 1821 and transferred to Cambridge University in 1985 which later purchased it after an appeal in 2014. It is often cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament. Description The lower text of the manuscript contains fragments of the chapters 1:1-1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Claromontanus
Codex Claromontanus, symbolized by Dp, D2 or 06 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1026 ( von Soden), is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, written in an uncial hand on vellum. The Greek and Latin texts are on facing pages, thus it is a "'' diglot''" manuscript, like Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis. The Latin text is designated by ''d'' (traditional system) or by 75 in Beuron system. Description The codex contains the Pauline epistles on 533 leaves, . The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page. At least 9 different correctors worked on this codex. The fourth corrector, from the 9th century, added accents and breathings. The codex is dated palaeographically to the 5th or 6th century. and D. C. Parker, ''An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and their Texts'' (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 259. The ''Codex Claromontanus'' contains further documents: * A stichometric catalogue of the Old Testament and New Testa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Alexandrinus
The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, Royal MS 1. D. V-VIII), designated by the siglum A or 02 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 4 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity. This Bible contained both the Old and New Testaments in Koine Greek. written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the fifth century. It contains the majority of the Greek Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It is one of the four Great uncial codices (these being manuscripts which originally contained the whole of both the Old and New Testaments). Along with Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, it is one of the earliest and most complete manuscripts of the Bible. It derives its name from the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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