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Countable Complement Topology
The cocountable topology or countable complement topology on any set ''X'' consists of the empty set and all cocountable subsets of ''X'', that is all sets whose Complement (set theory), complement in ''X'' is countable set, countable. It follows that the only closed subsets are ''X'' and the countable subsets of ''X''. Symbolically, one writes the topology as \mathcal = \. Every set ''X'' with the cocountable topology is Lindelöf space, Lindelöf, since every nonempty open set omits only countably many points of ''X''. It is also T1 space, T1, as all singletons are closed. If ''X'' is an uncountable set then any two nonempty open sets intersect, hence the space is not Hausdorff space, Hausdorff. However, in the cocountable topology all convergent sequences are eventually constant, so limits are unique. Since compact space, compact sets in ''X'' are finite subsets, all compact subsets are closed, another condition usually related to Hausdorff separation axiom. The cocountable to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Empty Set
In mathematics, the empty set is the unique set having no elements; its size or cardinality (count of elements in a set) is zero. Some axiomatic set theories ensure that the empty set exists by including an axiom of empty set, while in other theories, its existence can be deduced. Many possible properties of sets are vacuously true for the empty set. Any set other than the empty set is called non-empty. In some textbooks and popularizations, the empty set is referred to as the "null set". However, null set is a distinct notion within the context of measure theory, in which it describes a set of measure zero (which is not necessarily empty). The empty set may also be called the void set. Notation Common notations for the empty set include "", "\emptyset", and "∅". The latter two symbols were introduced by the Bourbaki group (specifically André Weil) in 1939, inspired by the letter Ø in the Danish and Norwegian alphabets. In the past, "0" was occasionally used as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Connected Space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a connected space is a topological space that cannot be represented as the union of two or more disjoint non-empty open subsets. Connectedness is one of the principal topological properties that are used to distinguish topological spaces. A subset of a topological space X is a if it is a connected space when viewed as a subspace of X. Some related but stronger conditions are path connected, simply connected, and n-connected. Another related notion is '' locally connected'', which neither implies nor follows from connectedness. Formal definition A topological space X is said to be if it is the union of two disjoint non-empty open sets. Otherwise, X is said to be connected. A subset of a topological space is said to be connected if it is connected under its subspace topology. Some authors exclude the empty set (with its unique topology) as a connected space, but this article does not follow that practice. For a topol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Springer-Verlag
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing. Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City. History Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.Chronology ". Springer Science+Business Media. In 1964, Springer expanded its business international ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counterexamples In Topology
''Counterexamples in Topology'' (1970, 2nd ed. 1978) is a book on mathematics by topologists Lynn Steen and J. Arthur Seebach, Jr. In the process of working on problems like the metrization problem, topologists (including Steen and Seebach) have defined a wide variety of topological properties. It is often useful in the study and understanding of abstracts such as topological spaces to determine that one property does not follow from another. One of the easiest ways of doing this is to find a counterexample which exhibits one property but not the other. In ''Counterexamples in Topology'', Steen and Seebach, together with five students in an undergraduate research project at St. Olaf College, Minnesota in the summer of 1967, canvassed the field of topology for such counterexamples and compiled them in an attempt to simplify the literature. For instance, an example of a first-countable space which is not second-countable is counterexample #3, the discrete topology on an unc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Topologies
The following is a list of named topologies or topological spaces, many of which are counterexamples in topology and related branches of mathematics. This is not a list of properties that a topology or topological space might possess; for that, see List of general topology topics and Topological property. Widely known topologies * The Baire space − \N^ with the product topology, where \N denotes the natural numbers endowed with the discrete topology. It is the space of all sequences of natural numbers. * Cantor set − A subset of the closed interval , 1/math> with remarkable properties. ** Cantor dust * Discrete topology − All subsets are open. * Euclidean topology − The natural topology on Euclidean space \Reals^n induced by the Euclidean metric, which is itself induced by the Euclidean norm. ** Real line − \Reals ** Space-filling curve ** Unit interval − , 1/math> * Extended real number line * Hilbert cube − , 1/1\times , 1/2\times , 1/3\times \cdots ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cofinite Topology
In mathematics, a cofinite subset of a set X is a subset A whose complement in X is a finite set. In other words, A contains all but finitely many elements of X. If the complement is not finite, but it is countable, then one says the set is cocountable. These arise naturally when generalizing structures on finite sets to infinite sets, particularly on infinite products, as in the product topology or direct sum. This use of the prefix "" to describe a property possessed by a set's mplement is consistent with its use in other terms such as " meagre set". Boolean algebras The set of all subsets of X that are either finite or cofinite forms a Boolean algebra, which means that it is closed under the operations of union, intersection, and complementation. This Boolean algebra is the on X. A Boolean algebra A has a unique non-principal ultrafilter (that is, a maximal filter not generated by a single element of the algebra) if and only if there exists an infinite set X such that A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metacompact Space
In the mathematical field of general topology, a topological space is said to be metacompact if every open cover has a point-finite open refinement. That is, given any open cover of the topological space, there is a refinement that is again an open cover with the property that every point is contained only in finitely many sets of the refining cover. A space is countably metacompact if every countable open cover has a point-finite open refinement. Properties The following can be said about metacompactness in relation to other properties of topological spaces: * Every paracompact space is metacompact. This implies that every compact space is metacompact, and every metric space is metacompact. The converse does not hold: a counter-example is the Dieudonné plank. * Every metacompact space is orthocompact. * Every metacompact normal space is a shrinking space * The product of a compact space and a metacompact space is metacompact. This follows from the tube lemma. * An easy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Limit Point Compact
In mathematics, a topological space ''X'' is said to be limit point compact or weakly countably compact if every infinite subset of ''X'' has a limit point in ''X''. This property generalizes a property of compact spaces. In a metric space, limit point compactness, compactness, and sequential compactness are all equivalent. For general topological spaces, however, these three notions of compactness are not equivalent. Properties and examples * In a topological space, subsets without limit point are exactly those that are closed and discrete in the subspace topology. So a space is limit point compact if and only if all its closed discrete subsets are finite. * A space ''X'' is ''not'' limit point compact if and only if it has an infinite closed discrete subspace. Since any subset of a closed discrete subset of ''X'' is itself closed in ''X'' and discrete, this is equivalent to require that ''X'' has a countably infinite closed discrete subspace. * Some examples of spaces that a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudocompact Space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be pseudocompact if its image under any continuous function to R is bounded. Many authors include the requirement that the space be completely regular in the definition of pseudocompactness. Pseudocompact spaces were defined by Edwin Hewitt in 1948. Properties related to pseudocompactness * For a Tychonoff space ''X'' to be pseudocompact requires that every locally finite collection of non-empty open sets of ''X'' be finite. There are many equivalent conditions for pseudocompactness (sometimes some separation axiom should be assumed); a large number of them are quoted in Stephenson 2003. Some historical remarks about earlier results can be found in Engelking 1989, p. 211. *Every countably compact space is pseudocompact. For normal Hausdorff spaces the converse is true. *As a consequence of the above result, every sequentially compact space is pseudocompact. The converse is true for metric spaces. As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Locally Connected Space
In topology and other branches of mathematics, a topological space ''X'' is locally connected if every point admits a neighbourhood basis consisting entirely of open, connected sets. Background Throughout the history of topology, connectedness and compactness have been two of the most widely studied topological properties. Indeed, the study of these properties even among subsets of Euclidean space, and the recognition of their independence from the particular form of the Euclidean metric, played a large role in clarifying the notion of a topological property and thus a topological space. However, whereas the structure of ''compact'' subsets of Euclidean space was understood quite early on via the Heine–Borel theorem, ''connected'' subsets of \R^n (for ''n'' > 1) proved to be much more complicated. Indeed, while any compact Hausdorff space is locally compact, a connected space—and even a connected subset of the Euclidean plane—need not be locally connected (see below ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperconnected Space
In the mathematical field of topology, a hyperconnected space or irreducible space is a topological space ''X'' that cannot be written as the union of two proper closed sets (whether disjoint or non-disjoint). The name ''irreducible space'' is preferred in algebraic geometry. For a topological space ''X'' the following conditions are equivalent: * No two nonempty open sets are disjoint. * ''X'' cannot be written as the union of two proper closed sets. * Every nonempty open set is dense in ''X''. * The interior of every proper closed set is empty. * Every subset is dense or nowhere dense in ''X''. * No two points can be separated by disjoint neighbourhoods. A space which satisfies any one of these conditions is called ''hyperconnected'' or ''irreducible''. Due to the condition about neighborhoods of distinct points being in a sense the opposite of the Hausdorff property, some authors call such spaces anti-Hausdorff. An irreducible set is a subset of a topological space for wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cocountable
In mathematics, a cocountable subset of a set ''X'' is a subset ''Y'' whose complement in ''X'' is a countable set. In other words, ''Y'' contains all but countably many elements of ''X''. Since the rational numbers are a countable subset of the reals, for example, the irrational numbers are a cocountable subset of the reals. If the complement is finite, then one says ''Y'' is cofinite. σ-algebras The set of all subsets of ''X'' that are either countable or cocountable forms a σ-algebra, i.e., it is closed under the operations of countable unions, countable intersections, and complementation. This σ-algebra is the countable-cocountable algebra on ''X''. It is the smallest σ-algebra containing every singleton set. Topology The cocountable topology The cocountable topology or countable complement topology on any set ''X'' consists of the empty set and all cocountable subsets of ''X'', that is all sets whose complement in ''X'' is countable. It follows that the only clo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
