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Clinical Prediction Rule
A clinical prediction rule or clinical probability assessment specifies how to use medical signs, symptoms, and other findings to estimate the probability of a specific disease or clinical outcome. Physicians have difficulty in estimated risks of diseases; frequently erring towards overestimation, perhaps due to cognitive biases such as base rate fallacy in which the risk of an adverse outcome is exaggerated. Methods In a prediction rule study, investigators identify a consecutive group of patients who are suspected of having a specific disease or outcome. The investigators then obtain a standard set of clinical observations on each patient and a test or clinical follow-up to define the true state of the patient. They then use statistical methods to identify the best clinical predictors of the patient's true state. The probability of disease will depend on the patient's key clinical predictors. Published methodological standards specify good practices for developing a clinical pred ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medical Sign
Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition. A sign for example may be a higher or lower temperature than normal, raised or lowered blood pressure or an abnormality showing on a medical scan. A symptom is something out of the ordinary that is experienced by an individual such as feeling feverish, a headache or other pain or pains in the body. Signs and symptoms Signs A medical sign is an objective observable indication of a disease, injury, or abnormal physiological state that may be detected during a physical examination, examining the patient history, or diagnostic procedure. These signs are visible or otherwise detectable such as a rash or bruise. Medical signs, along with symptoms, assist in formulating diagnostic hypothesis. Examples of signs include elevated blood pressure, nail clubbing of the fingernails or toenails, staggering gait, and arcus senilis and arcus juvenilis of the eyes. Indicati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Health Informatics
Health informatics is the field of science and engineering that aims at developing methods and technologies for the acquisition, processing, and study of patient data, which can come from different sources and modalities, such as electronic health records, diagnostic test results, medical scans. The health domain provides an extremely wide variety of problems that can be tackled using computational techniques. Health informatics is a spectrum of multidisciplinary fields that includes study of the design, development and application of computational innovations to improve health care. The disciplines involved combines medicine fields with computing fields, in particular computer engineering, software engineering, information engineering, bioinformatics, bio-inspired computing, theoretical computer science, information systems, data science, information technology, autonomic computing, and behavior informatics. In academic institutions, medical informatics research focus on appl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revised Trauma Score
The Revised Trauma Score (RTS) is a physiologic scoring system based on the initial vital signs of a patient. A lower score indicates a higher severity of injury. Use in triage The Revised Trauma Score is made up of three categories: Glasgow Coma Scale, systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate. The score range is 0–12. In START triage In medicine, triage () is a practice invoked when acute care cannot be provided for lack of resources. The process rations care towards those who are most in need of immediate care, and who benefit most from it. More generally it refers to prio ..., a patient with an RTS score of 12 is labeled delayed, 11 is urgent, and 3–10 is immediate. Those who have an RTS below 3 are declared dead and should not receive certain care because they are highly unlikely to survive without a significant amount of resources. Scoring The score is as follows: These three scores (Glasgow Coma Scale, Systolic Blood Pressure, Respiratory Rate) are then u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pittsburgh Knee Rules
The Pittsburgh knee rules are medical rules created to ascertain whether a knee injury requires the use of X-ray to assess a fracture. Criteria * Blunt trauma or a fall as mechanism of injury AND either of the following: ** Age younger than 12 years or older than 50 years. ** Inability to walk four weight-bearing steps in the emergency department. If the patient satisfies the above criteria, they should receive an X-ray to assess for a possible fracture. Accuracy The sensitivity of using the Pittsburgh knee rules is 99% with a specificity of 60%. That means the use of the above rules has a false negative result of 1% and a false positive result of 40%. From a medical point of view, the false positive result is less important as if the patient is positive, they should receive an X-ray to assess for a possible fracture, which has a much higher specificity. However, from a practical point of view, false positives that lead to negative X-ray tests were the very thing that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottawa Knee Rules
The Ottawa knee rules are a set of rules used to help physicians determine whether an x-ray of the knee is needed. They state that an X-ray is required only in patients who have an acute knee injury with one or more of the following: * Age 55 years or older * Tenderness at head of fibula * Isolated tenderness of patella * Inability to flex the knee greater than 90° * Inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department (4 steps) The Ottawa knee rules were derived to aid in the efficient use of radiography in acute knee injuries and have since been prospectively validated on multiple occasions in different populations and in both children and adults. Some studies found the sensitivity of the Ottawa knee rules is 98-100% for clinically significant knee fractures, meaning that 98-100% of all patients with a fracture will meet the criteria for X-ray. However, specificity for the Ottawa knee rules is typically poor, meaning that a significant proportion of those ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottawa Ankle Rules
In medicine, the Ottawa ankle rules are a set of guidelines for clinicians to help decide if a patient with foot or ankle pain should be offered X-rays to diagnose a possible bone fracture. Before the introduction of the rules most patients with ankle injuries would have been imaged. However the vast majority of patients with unclear ankle injuries do not have bone fractures. As a result, many unnecessary X-rays were taken, which was costly, time-consuming and a slight health risk due to radiation exposure. The Ottawa ankle rules Ankle X-ray Ankle X-ray is only required if: * There is any pain in the malleolar zone; and, * Any one of the following: ** Bone tenderness along the distal 6 cm of the posterior edge of the tibia or tip of the medial malleolus, OR ** Bone tenderness along the distal 6 cm of the posterior edge of the fibula or tip of the lateral malleolus, OR ** An inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department for four steps. Foot X- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NACA Score
A NACA score (or National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics score) is a scoring system of the severity in cases of medical emergencies such as injuries, diseases or poisonings. It was developed from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics for accidents in aviation. The NACA score is divided into the following, specified with Roman numerals or the Arabic zero 0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity. In place-value notation such as the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, 0 also serves as a placeholder numerical digit, which works by multiplying digits to the left of 0 by the radix, usual .... Categories: References External links ÖGAN / Scoring systems in emergency medicine(in German) {{DEFAULTSORT:NACA score Diagnostic emergency medicine Medical scales National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kocher Criteria
The Kocher criteria are a tool useful in the differentiation of septic arthritis from transient synovitis in the child with a painful hip. They are named for Mininder S. Kocher, an orthopaedic surgeon at Boston Children's Hospital and Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at Harvard Medical School. The original study used retrospective pediatric cases to develop the criteria over multiple years. The score is primarily used in orthopedic cases in which the symptoms experienced in septic arthritis and transient synovitis are similar. The criteria can be used on multiple joints — the hip being the most tested given its frequency of diagnosis and importance to the patient's mobility. The knee and the ankle can also experience these symptoms and the criteria can be applied to symptomatic joints such as these. Septic arthritis is an orthopedic emergency, which, if treatment is delayed, can lead to irreversible joint damage. Septic arthritis occurs more often in childhood than at any other t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harris Hip Score
The Harris Hip Score was developed by William H. Harris to assess the results of hip surgery or hip replacement Hip replacement is a surgical procedure in which the hip joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant, that is, a hip prosthesis. Hip replacement surgery can be performed as a total replacement or a hemi (half) replacement. Such joint replacement o .... The standard evaluation applies to various hip disabilities and methods of treatment in adults. The original version of the score was first published in 1969. References Orthopedic clinical prediction rules {{orthopedics-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
