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Crawling Peg
In macroeconomics, crawling peg is an exchange rate regime that allows currency depreciation or appreciation to happen gradually. It is usually seen as a part of a fixed exchange rate regime. The system is a method to fully use the key attributes of the fixed exchange regimes, as well as the flexibility of the floating exchange rate regime. The system is shaped to peg at a certain value, but at the same time is designed to "glide" to respond to external market uncertainties. Changing rates External pressure To react to external pressure (such as interest rate differentials or changes in foreign-exchange reserves) to appreciate or depreciate the exchange rate, the system can have moderately-sized, frequent exchange rate changes to ensure that the economic dislocation is minimized. Rate formulae Some central banks use a formula that triggers a change when certain conditions are met, while others prefer not to use a preset formula and frequently change the exchange rate to discour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole. This includes regional, national, and global economies. Macroeconomists study topics such as output (economics), output/Gross domestic product, GDP (gross domestic product) and national income, unemployment (including Unemployment#Measurement, unemployment rates), price index, price indices and inflation, Consumption (economics), consumption, saving, investment (macroeconomics), investment, Energy economics, energy, international trade, and international finance. Macroeconomics and microeconomics are the two most general fields in economics. The focus of macroeconomics is often on a country (or larger entities like the whole world) and how its markets interact to produce large-scale phenomena that economists refer to as aggregate variables. In microeconomics the focus of analysis is often a single market, such as whether changes in supply or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Nicaraguan Córdoba
The córdoba (, currency sign, sign: C$; ISO 4217, code: NIO) is the currency of Nicaragua and is divided into 100 ''centavos''. History The first córdoba was introduced with the new National Bank of Nicaragua (Banco Nacional de Nicaragua Incorporado) which was created in 1912, after which the government of Adolfo Díaz promulgated the Monetary Conversion Law, in March 1912. This law created the monetary unit "córdoba", named after Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua), Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, founder of Nicaragua and the cities of León, Nicaragua, León and Granada, Nicaragua, Granada, but due to the prevailing political instability at that time, the córdoba did not circulate until 1913. It replaced the Nicaraguan peso, peso moneda corriente, the Nicaraguan currency between 1878 and 1912. In 1960 the Central Bank of Nicaragua (BCN) was founded and the banknotes and coins that until that date were issued by the National Bank of Nicaragua, began ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Exchange-rate Regime
An exchange rate regime is a way a monetary authority of a country or currency union manages the currency about other currencies and the foreign exchange market. It is closely related to monetary policy and the two are generally dependent on many of the same factors, such as economic scale and openness, inflation rate, the elasticity of the labor market, financial market development, and capital mobility. There are two major regime types: * ''Floating (or flexible) exchange rate'' regimes exist where exchange rates are determined solely by market forces, and often manipulated by open-market operations. Countries do have the ability to influence their floating currency from activities such as buying/selling currency reserves, changing interest rates, and through foreign trade agreements. * ''Fixed (or pegged) exchange rate'' regimes exist when a country sets the value of its home currency directly proportional to the value of another currency or commodity. For years, many curr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Costa Rican Colón
The colón (plural: ''colones''; sign: ₡; code: CRC) is the currency of Costa Rica. It was named after Christopher Columbus, known as ''Cristóbal Colón'' in Spanish. A colón is divided into one hundred céntimos. Symbol The symbol for the colón is a capital letter "C" crossed by two diagonal strokes. The symbol is encoded at and may be typed on many English language Microsoft Windows keyboards using the keystrokes +. The colón sign is not to be confused with , or with the Ghanaian cedi, . Nonetheless, the commonly available cent symbol '¢' is frequently used locally to designate the colón in price markings and advertisements. History The colón was introduced in 1896, replacing the peso at par. The colón is divided into 100 centimos, although, between 1917 and 1919, coins were issued using the name centavo for the 1/100 subunit of the colón. Colones were issued by a variety of banks in the first half of the twentieth century, but since 1951 have been produced s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Uruguayan Peso
Uruguayan peso () has been a name of the Uruguayan currency since Uruguay's settlement by Europeans. The present currency, the ''peso uruguayo'' (ISO 4217 code: ) was adopted in 1993 and is subdivided into 100 '' centésimos'', although centésimos are not currently in use. Introduction Uruguay obtained monetary stability in 1896, based on the gold standard. This favorable state of affairs ended after World War I. An unsettled period followed. Economic difficulties after World War II produced inflation, which became serious after 1964 and continued into the 1970s. The peso moneda nacional was replaced on 1 July 1975 by the nuevo peso (new peso; ISO 4217 code ) at a rate of 1 new peso for 1000 old pesos. The nuevo peso was also subdivided into 100 ''centésimos''. After further inflation, the peso uruguayo (ISO 4217 code ) replaced the on March 1, 1993, again at a rate of 1 new for 1000 old. Inflation Uruguayans became accustomed to the constant devaluation of their currency ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ecuadorian Sucre
The Sucre () was the currency of Ecuador between 1884 and 2000. Its ISO code was ECS and it was subdivided into 10 ''decimos'' and 100 ''centavos''. The sucre was named after Latin American political leader Antonio José de Sucre. The currency was replaced by the United States dollar as a result of the 1998–99 financial crisis. History The Ecuadorian peso was renamed as the ''Sucre'' on 22 March 1884, and was then linked to the silver standard. The sucre was tied to 22.5 g of fine silver (equivalent to 5 LMU francs). Outdated coins were taken out of circulation between 1887 and 1892, with only the silver-backed coins remaining in circulation. The decline of the international price of silver during the 1890s prompted Ecuador to switch to the gold standard on 3 November 1898, with the sucre tied to 732.224 mg of fine gold (equivalent to 2 shillings sterling). The Sucre became inconvertible shortly after World War I began in 1914 due to international political ten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Bangladeshi Taka
The taka (, , currency sign, sign: , ISO 4217, code: BDT, Short form (linguistics), short form: Tk) is the currency of Bangladesh. In Unicode, it is encoded at . Issuance of banknotes 10 and larger is controlled by Bangladesh Bank, while the 2 and 5 govt. notes are the responsibility of the Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh), ministry of finance. The govt. notes of Tk. 2 and Tk.5 have mostly been replaced by coins while lower denomination coins (including all poysha coins) up to Tk. 1 have almost gone out of circulation due to inflation. The most commonly used symbol for the taka is "" and "Tk", used on receipts while purchasing goods and services. It is divided into 100 paisa, poysha, but poysha coins are no longer in circulation. The poysha is still used for accounting purposes (e.g., Tk 123,456.78 for 123,456 taka and 78 poysha). On 8 May 2024, the central bank placed the taka in a crawling peg to the US dollar, with a rate of 117 takas per US dollar. Etymology Accordi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Javier Milei
Javier Gerardo Milei (born 22 October 1970) is an Argentine politician and economist who has served as President of Argentina since 2023. Milei also served as a national deputy representing the City of Buenos Aires for the party La Libertad Avanza from 2021 until his resignation in 2023. Born in Buenos Aires, he attended the University of Belgrano, where he obtained a degree in economics, and later obtained two master's degrees from both the Institute of Social and Economic Development and the private Torcuato di Tella University, respectively. Milei later became a professor of macroeconomics. He rose to public prominence in the 2010s by appearing as a pundit in various Argentine television programs, in which he was a vocal critic of the Argentine political establishment. In the 2021 Argentine legislative election, 2021 legislative election, Milei was elected to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies, representing the City of Buenos Aires for La Libertad Avanza. As a National Dep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
José Alfredo Martínez De Hoz
José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz (13 August 1925 – 16 March 2013) was an Argentine lawyer, businessman, and economist. He was the Minister of Economy of Argentina during the country's last military dictatorship (1976—1983) (especifically during Jorge Rafael Videla's regime, between 1976 and 1981), and shaped the economic policy of the dictatorship until its end. Martínez de Hoz was an economic orthodox of businessman origin, who imposed a plan of economic neoliberalism reforms in the 1970s that aroused strong controversies. From 1976 until today, globalization began to appear and some attempts of insertion in the world began. The spirit of all the reforms implemented during his administration was that of economic liberalization and " economic freedom", and its results and legacy are highly controversial to this day, either being praised or strongly criticized in Argentina depending on the period and side of the general political spectrum. Biography Martínez de Hoz, scion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Economy Of Vietnam
The economy of Vietnam is a developing economy, developing Mixed economy, mixed socialist-oriented market economy. It is the List of countries by GDP (nominal), 33rd-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and the List of countries by GDP (PPP), 26th-largest economy in the world by purchasing power parity (PPP). It is a lower-middle income country with a low cost of living. Vietnam is a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the World Trade Organization. Since the mid-1980s, through the Đổi Mới reform period, Vietnam has made a shift from a Centralization, highly centralized planned economy to a mixed economy. Before, South Vietnam was reliant on U.S. aid, while North Vietnam and reunified Vietnam relied on communist aid until the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union's dissolution. The economy uses both directive and indicative planning through Five-Year Plans of Vietnam, five-y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Botswana Pula
The Pula (also known as the Botswana dollar) is the currency of Botswana. It has the ISO 4217 code ''BWP'' and is subdivided into 100 ''thebe''. ''Pula'' literally means "rain" in Setswana, because rain is very scarce in Botswana—home to much of the Kalahari Desert—and therefore valuable and a blessing. The word also serves as the national motto of the country. A sub-unit of the currency is known as ''thebe'', or "shield", and represents defence. The names were picked with the help of the public. History The pula was introduced on 23 August 1976, subsequently known as "Pula Day", replacing the South African rand, rand at par. One hundred days after the pula was introduced, the rand ceased to be legal tender in Botswana. Coins In 1976, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 thebe. The 1 thebe was struck in aluminium, with the 5 thebe in bronze and the others in cupro-nickel. These coins were round except for the scalloped 1 pula. Bronze, dodecagonal 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
