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Compulsive Overeating
A food addiction or eating addiction is any behavioral addiction characterized primarily by the compulsive consumption of palatable and hyperpalatable food items, and potentially also sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Such foods often have high sugar, fat, and salt contents ( HFSS), and markedly activate the reward system in humans and other animals. Those with eating addictions often overconsume such foods despite the adverse consequences (such as excess weight gain, diabetes, and heart disease) associated with their overconsumption. [Baidu] |
Behavioral Addiction
Behavioral addiction, process addiction, or non-substance-related disorder is a form of addiction that involves a compulsive behavior, compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-Chemical substance, substance-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being. In the brain's reward system, a gene transcription factor known as ΔFosB has been identified as a necessary common factor involved in both behavioral and drug addictions, which are associated with the same set of neural adaptations. Addiction canonically refers to substance abuse; however, the term's connotation has been expanded to include behaviors that may lead to a reward (such as gambling, eating, or shopping) since the 1990s. Still, the framework to diagnose and categorize behavioral addiction is a controversial topic in the psychopathology field. Psychiatric and medical classifications ''Diagnostic and Statistical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biomarker (medicine)
In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable wikt:indicator, indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. It may be defined as a "cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention." More generally a biomarker is anything that can be used as an indicator of a particular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. According to the WHO, the indicator may be chemical, physical, or biological in nature - and the measurement may be functional, physiological, biochemical, cellular, or molecular. A biomarker can be a substance that is introduced into an organism as a means to examine organ function or other aspects of health. For example, rubidium chloride is used in isotopic labeling to evaluate perfusion of heart muscle. It can also be a substance whose detection indicates a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Food Calorie
The calorie is a unit of energy that originated from the caloric theory of heat. The large calorie, food calorie, dietary calorie, kilocalorie, or kilogram calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one liter of water by one degree Celsius (or one kelvin). The small calorie or gram calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to cause the same increase in one milliliter of water. Thus, 1 large calorie is equal to 1,000 small calories. In nutrition and food science, the term ''calorie'' and the symbol ''cal'' may refer to the large unit or to the small unit in different regions of the world. It is generally used in publications and package labels to express the energy value of foods in per serving or per weight, recommended dietary caloric intake, metabolic rates, etc. Some authors recommend the spelling ''Calorie'' and the symbol ''Cal'' (both with a capital C) if the large calorie is meant, to avoid confusion; however, this convention ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-control
Self-control is an aspect of inhibitory control, one of the core executive functions. Executive functions are cognitive processes that are necessary for regulating one's behavior in order to achieve specific goals. Defined more independently, self-control is the ability to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, and behavior in the face of temptations and impulses. Thought to be like a muscle, acts of self-control expend a limited resource. In the short term, overuse of self-control leads to the depletion of that resource. However, in the long term, the use of self-control can strengthen and improve the ability to control oneself over time. Self-control is also a key concept in the general theory of crime, a major theory in criminology. The theory was developed by Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi in their book ''A General Theory of Crime'' (1990). Gottfredson and Hirschi define self-control as the differentiating tendency of individuals to avoid criminal acts indep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anxiogenic
An anxiogenic or panicogenic substance is one that causes anxiety. This effect is in contrast to anxiolytic agents, which inhibits anxiety. Together these categories of psychoactive compounds may be referred to as anxiotropic compounds. Experimental Studies Anxiogenic effects can be measured by, for example, the hole-board test in rats and mice. A number of agents are used to provoke anxiety (anxiogens) or panic (panicogens) in experimental models. Mechanisms of Action Anxiogenic substances typically work through affecting levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin in the central nervous system (CNS). Some substances may alter functioning in the HPA axis, the neuroendocrine system that mediates responses to stress, where dysfunction has been linked to anxiety and panic disorders. Some substances, such as caffeine and sodium lactate, are largely reported to have anxiogenic effects only if they ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physiology & Behavior
''Physiology & Behavior'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers the fields of behavioral neuroendocrinology, psychoneuroimmunology, learning and memory, ingestion, social behavior, and studies related to the mechanisms of psychopathology. It was established in 1966 with Matthew J. Wayner as its founding editor-in-chief. The current editor-in-chief is Derek Daniels ( University at Buffalo, SUNY). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents/Life Sciences, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index, Scopus, and PubMed. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2023 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 2.4. References External ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia nervosa, also known simply as bulimia, is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating (eating large quantities of food in a short period of time, often feeling out of control) followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting or fasting, to prevent weight gain. Other efforts to lose weight may include the use of diuretics, laxatives, stimulants, water fasting, or excessive exercise. Most people with bulimia are at normal weight and have higher risk for other mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, and problems with drugs to alcohol. There is also a higher risk of suicide and self-harm. Bulimia is more common among those who have a close relative with the condition. The percentage risk that is estimated to be due to genetics is between 30% and 80%. Other risk factors for the disease include psychological stress, cultural pressure to attain a certain body type, poor self-esteem, and obes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition, considered by multiple organizations to be a disease, in which excess Adipose tissue, body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health. People are classified as obese when their body mass index (BMI)—a person's weight divided by the square of the person's height—is over ; the range is defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values to calculate obesity. Obesity is a major cause of disability and is Obesity-associated morbidity, correlated with various diseases and conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Obesity has individual, socioeconomic, and environmental causes. Some known causes are Western pattern diet, diet, low physical activity, automation, urbanization, quantitative trait locus, genetic susceptibility, medications, mental disorders, Economic policy, economic pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Binge Eating Disorder
Binge eating disorder (BED) is an eating disorder characterized by frequent and recurrent binge eating episodes with associated negative psychological and social problems, but without the compensatory behaviors common to bulimia nervosa, OSFED, or the binge-purge subtype of anorexia nervosa. BED is a recently described condition, which was introduced to distinguish binge eating similar to that seen in bulimia nervosa but without characteristic purging. Individuals who are diagnosed with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder exhibit similar patterns of compulsive overeating, neurobiological features such as dysfunctional cognitive control and food addiction, and biological and environmental risk factors. Some professionals consider BED to be a milder form of bulimia, with the two conditions on the same spectrum. Binge eating is one of the most prevalent eating disorders among adults, though it receives less media coverage and research about the disorder compared to anorexi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theron Randolph
Theron Grant Randolph (July 7, 1906 – September 29, 1995) was a physician, allergist, and researcher from the United States. He studied food allergies, chemical sensitivities, and preventive care. Randolph, along with some other American allergists, objected to the definition of allergies as arising from serological abnormalities; this definition, common among European allergists of Randolph's day, excluded from consideration the kinds of non-immunological adverse environmental reactions that Randolph studied. Randolph authored four books and over 300 medical articles and is considered the "Father of Clinical Ecology". According to his obituary in ''The New York Times'', "traditional medical bodies ... which contended there was no scientific basis for his approach, are sharply skeptical of Dr. Randolph's unorthodox therapies". The obituary then goes on to note a, "small but discernible shift in attitude toward the issue of chemical sensitivity. In 1991, a workshop of the Nation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quarterly Journal Of Studies On Alcohol
The ''Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs'' (JSAD) is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes articles on all aspects of the use and misuse of alcohol and other drugs; tobacco and e-cigarette use; the misuse of prescription medication; and behavioral addictions, including gambling and gaming. The journal also publishes research on the therapeutic uses of psychoactive substances (e.g., psilocybin, ketamine). The range of topics includes, but is not limited to, the biological, medical, epidemiological, psychiatric, social, psychological, legal, public health, socioeconomic, genetic, and neurobiological aspects of substance use and behavioral addictions. The journal was established in 1940 as the ''Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol'' and changed its name in 1975 to ''Journal of Studies on Alcohol'' before obtaining its current name in 2007. The journal appears bimonthly and publishes supplements at irregular intervals. The ''Journal of Studies on A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Binge Eating
Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating. It is a common symptom of eating disorders such as binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. During such binges, a person rapidly consumes an excessive quantity of food. A Medical diagnosis, diagnosis of binge eating is associated with feelings of loss of control. Binge eating disorder is also linked with being overweight and obesity. Diagnosis The DSM-5 includes a disorder diagnosis criterion for Binge eating disorder, Binge Eating Disorder (BED). It is as follows: * Recurrent and persistent episodes of binge eating * Binge eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following: ** Eating much more rapidly than normal ** Eating until feeling uncomfortably full ** Eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry ** Eating alone because of being embarrassed by how much one is eating ** Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty after overeat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
