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Buka (music)
{{Refimprove, date=November 2009 The buka ( ''Javanese'' for ''"opening"'') is the short introduction to pieces of gamelan. It is also called the bubuka or bubuka opaq-opaq. Buka are generally played by a single instrument in a free rhythm, until the last few notes when the kendhang comes in to set the tempo and cue the whole gamelan, which joins on the final note, with the first gong ageng. Buka are often played by the bonang barung in the so-called "loud style." In other styles, they can be played by the rebab, gendér, or kendhang alone, or may be sung, especially by the dalang in a wayang performance. Mantle Hood emphasizes the importance of the buka in the determination of the pathet of a gamelan composition, and analyzes it as an extended elaboration on the typical cadential formulas. He compares it to the alap of Hindustani classical music Hindustani classical music is the Indian classical music, classical music of the Indian subcontinent's northern regions. ...
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Javanese Language
Javanese ( , , ; , Aksara Jawa, Javanese script: , Pegon script, Pegon: , IPA: ) is an Austronesian languages, Austronesian language spoken primarily by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, Indonesia. There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 68 million people. Javanese is the largest of the Austronesian languages in List of languages by number of native speakers, number of native speakers. It has several regional dialects and a number of clearly distinct status styles. Its closest relatives are the neighboring languages such as Sundanese language, Sundanese, Madurese language, Madurese, and Balinese language, Balinese. Most speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian language, Indonesian for official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Javanese-speaking Indonesians. There are speakers of Javanese in Malaysia (concentrated ...
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Gamelan
Gamelan (; ; , ; ) is the traditional musical ensemble, ensemble music of the Javanese people, Javanese, Sundanese people, Sundanese, and Balinese people, Balinese peoples of Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussion instrument, percussive instruments. The most common instruments used are metallophones (played with mallets) and a set of hand-drums called ''kendang'', which keep the beat (music), beat. The ''kemanak'', a banana-shaped idiophone, and the ''gangsa'', another metallophone, are also commonly used gamelan Musical instrument, instruments on Bali. Other notable instruments include xylophones, bamboo flutes (similar to the Indian ''bansuri''), a bowed string instrument called a ''rebab'' (somewhat similar to the ''gadulka'' of Bulgaria), and a zither-like instrument called a ''siter'', used in Javanese gamelan. Additionally, vocalists may be featured, being referred to as ''sindhen'' for females or ''gerong'' for males.Sumarsam (1998)''Introduction to Javanese ...
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Rhythm
Rhythm (from Greek , ''rhythmos'', "any regular recurring motion, symmetry") generally means a " movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions". This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time can apply to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or frequency of anything from microseconds to several seconds (as with the riff in a rock music song); to several minutes or hours, or, at the most extreme, even over many years. The Oxford English Dictionary defines rhythm as ''"The measured flow of words or phrases in verse, forming various patterns of sound as determined by the relation of long and short or stressed and unstressed syllables in a metrical foot or line; an instance of this"''. Rhythm is related to and distinguished from pulse, meter, and beats: In the performance arts, rhythm is the timing of events on a human scale; of musical sounds and silences that occur ...
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Kendhang
A ''kendang'' or ''gendang'' (, , , Tausug/ Bajau/ Maranao: ''gandang'', Bugis: ''gendrang'' and Makassar: ''gandrang'' or ''ganrang'') is a two-headed drum used by people from the Indonesian Archipelago. The kendang is one of the primary instruments used in the gamelan ensembles of Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese music. It is also used in various Kulintang ensembles in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. It is constructed in a variety of ways by different ethnic groups. It is related to the Indian double-headed mridangam drum. Overview The typical double-sided membrane drums are known throughout Maritime Southeast Asia and India. One of the oldest image of kendang can be found in ancient temples in Indonesia, especially the ninth century Borobudur and Prambanan temple. Among the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese, the has one side larger than the other, with the larger, lower-pitched side usually placed to the right, and are usually placed ...
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Gong Ageng
The gong ageng (or gong gedhe in Ngoko Javanese, means large gong) is an Indonesian musical instrument used in the Javanese gamelan. It is the largest of the bronze gongs in the Javanese and Balinese gamelan orchestra and the only large gong that is called ''gong'' in Javanese.Lindsay, Jennifer (1992). ''Javanese Gamelan'', p.10-11. . "The largest phrase of a gamelan melody is marked by the deepest sounding and largest instrument, the large gong or ''gong ageng''....The ''gong ageng'' is made of bronze..." Unlike the more famous Chinese or Turkish tam-tams, Indonesian gongs have fixed, focused pitch, and are dissimilar to the familiar crash cymbal sound. It is circular, with a conical, tapering base of diameter smaller than gong face, with a protruding polished boss where it is struck by a padded mallet. Gongs with diameter as large as have been created in the past, but gongs larger than about are more common especially to suit the budget of educational institutions.Wasi ...
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Bonang Barung
The bonang is an Indonesian musical instrument used in the Javanese gamelan. It is a collection of small gongs (sometimes called "kettles" or "pots") placed horizontally onto strings in a wooden frame (''rancak''), either one or two rows wide. All of the kettles have a central boss, but around it the lower-pitched ones have a flattened head, while the higher ones have an arched one. Each is tuned to a specific pitch in the appropriate scale; thus there are different bonang for pelog and slendro. They are typically hit with padded sticks (''tabuh''). This is similar to the other cradled gongs in the gamelan, the kethuk, kempyang, and kenong. Bonang may be made of forged bronze Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals (such as phosphorus) or metalloid ..., welded and cold-hammered iron, or a combinatio ...
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Rebab
''Rebab'' (, ''rabāba'', variously spelled ''rebap'', ''rubob'', ''rebeb'', ''rababa'', ''rabeba'', ''robab'', ''rubab'', ''rebob'', etc) is the name of several related string instruments that independently spread via Islamic trading routes over much of North Africa, Middle East, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Europe. The instrument is typically bowed, but is sometimes plucked. It is one of the earliest known bowed instruments, named no later than the 8th century, and is the parent of many bowed and stringed instruments. Variants There are chiefly three main types: A long-necked bowed variety that often has a spike at the bottom to rest on the ground (see first image to the right); thus this is called a spike fiddle in certain areas. Some of the instruments developing from this variant have vestigial spikes. A short-necked double-chested or "boat-shaped" variant; plucked versions like the '' Maghreb rebab'' and the ''kabuli rebab'' (sometimes referred to as ...
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Dhalang
The dhalang or dalang (; ) is the puppeteer in an Indonesian performance. In a performance of , the dalang sits behind a screen () made of white cotton stretched on a wooden frame. Above his head, hanging from beams attached to the top of the screen is the lamp (), which projects the shadows onto the screen. In front of the dhalang is a stage (), traditionally made from the trunk of a banana tree, into which the sharpened control rods of the puppets can be pushed to keep them in position during the performance. To his left is the puppet chest (), and to his right is the puppet chest's lid, on which the puppets sit ready for use. In addition to moving the puppets and speaking their lines, the dalang is also responsible for giving cues to the gamelan. This is done principally by playing the kepyak, a metal plate or set of plates played with his foot, or by rapping on the puppet chest () with a wooden mallet held in the left hand. The art of puppetry () was traditionally hande ...
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Wayang
( , ) is a traditional form of puppet theatre play originating from the Indonesian island of Java. The term refers both to the show as a whole and the puppet in particular. Performances of wayang puppet theatre are accompanied by a ''gamelan'' orchestra in Java, and by '' gender wayang'' in Bali. The dramatic stories depict mythologies, such as episodes from the Hindu epics the ''Ramayana'' and the ''Mahabharata'', as well as local adaptations of cultural legends. Traditionally, a is played out in a ritualized midnight-to-dawn show by a , an artist and spiritual leader; people watch the show from both sides of the screen. performances are still very popular among Indonesians, especially in the islands of Java and Bali. performances are usually held at certain rituals, certain ceremonies, certain events, and even tourist attractions. In ritual contexts, puppet shows are used for prayer rituals (held in temples in Bali), ritual (cleansing children from bad luck), and ri ...
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Mantle Hood
Mantle Hood (June 24, 1918 – July 31, 2005) was an American ethnomusicologist. Among other areas, he specialized in studying gamelan music from Indonesia. Hood pioneered, in the 1950s and 1960s, a new approach to the study of music, and the creation of the first American university program devoted to ethnomusicology, at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He was known for making the suggestion that his students learn to play the music they were studying. While it was somewhat novel at the time, this concept (dubbed by Hood ''bi-musicality'') is a central tool of ethnomusicology today. Biography Born and raised in Springfield, Illinois Springfield is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of Illinois. Its population was 114,394 at the 2020 United States census, which makes it the state's List of cities in Illinois, seventh-most populous cit ..., Hood studied piano as a child and played clarinet and tenor saxophone in regi ...
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Pathet
Pathet (, also patet) is an organizing concept in central Javanese gamelan music in Indonesia. It is a system of tonal hierarchies in which some notes are emphasized more than others. The word means '"to damp, or to restrain from" in Javanese. ''Pathet'' is "a limitation on the player's choice of variation, so that while in one ''pathet'' a certain note may be prominent, in another it must be avoided, or used only for special effect. Awareness of such limitations, and exploration of variation within them reflects a basic philosophical aim of gamelan music, and indeed all art in central Java, namely, the restraint and refinement of one's own behaviour." Javanese often give poetic explanations of pathet, such as "Pathet is the couch or bed of a melody." In essence, a pathet indicates which notes are stressed in the melody, especially at the end of phrases ( seleh), as well as determines which elaborations ( cengkok and sekaran) are appropriate. In many cases, however, pieces a ...
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