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Bithiazole
2,2'-Bithiazole is an organic compound with the formula . The molecule consists of two thiazole rings linked by a C-C bond. Diverse isomers are possible depending on the carbon atoms that are coupled, but the 2,2' isomer is common. The compound was first prepared by Ullmann coupling of 2-bromothiazole using copper metal. 2,2'-Bithiazole is planar, according to X-ray crystallography. Occurrence Bleomycin A2, a bithiazole-containing natural product, 320px, left 2,2'-Bithiazole itself is mainly of academic interest, but substituted, isomeric bithiazoles have attracted attention in medicinal chemistry. Naturally occurring bithiazoles are derived from cysteine, as are most naturally-occurring thiazoles. Well-studied derivatives are the bleomycins, which feature 2,4'-bithiazole incorporated into glycopeptides. The cystothiazoles are another family of bithiazoles, but they feature 2,5-linkage. Luciferin contains a benzothiazole Benzothiazole, or more specifically 1,3-benzothia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon. For example, carbon-containing compounds such as alkanes (e.g. methane ) and its derivatives are universally considered organic, but many others are sometimes considered inorganic, such as certain compounds of carbon with nitrogen and oxygen (e.g. cyanide ion , hydrogen cyanide , chloroformic acid , carbon dioxide , and carbonate ion ). Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprise the discipline known as organic chemistry. For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide, and even ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thiazole
Thiazole (), or 1,3-thiazole, is a 5-membered heterocyclic compound that contains both sulfur and nitrogen. The term 'thiazole' also refers to a large family of derivatives. Thiazole itself is a pale yellow liquid with a pyridine-like odor and the molecular formula C3H3NS. The thiazole ring is notable as a component of the vitamin thiamine (B1). Molecular and electronic structure Thiazoles are members of the azoles, heterocycles that include imidazoles and oxazoles. Thiazole can also be considered a functional group when part of a larger molecule. Being planar thiazoles are characterized by significant pi-electron delocalization and have some degree of aromaticity, more so than the corresponding oxazoles. This aromaticity is evidenced by the 1H NMR chemical shift of the ring protons, which absorb between 7.27 and 8.77 ppm, indicating a strong diamagnetic ring current. The calculated pi-electron density marks C5 as the primary site for electrophilic substitution, and C2-H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C-C Bond
CC, cc, or C-C may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional characters * C.C. (''Code Geass''), a character in the ''Code Geass'' anime series, pronounced "C-two" * C.C. Babcock, a character in the American sitcom ''The Nanny'' * Comedy Chimp, a character in ''Sonic Boom'', called "CC" by Doctor Eggman Gaming * ''Command & Conquer'' (''C&C''), a series of real-time strategy games and the first game in the series * Crowd control (video gaming), the ability to limit the number of mobs actively fighting during an encounter Other arts, music, entertainment, and media * Cannibal Corpse, an American death metal band. * CC Media Holdings, the former name of iHeartMedia * Closed captioning, a process of displaying text on a visual display, such as a TV screen * Comedy Central, an American television network (URL is cc.com) * '' Creative Camera'', defunct British photography magazine * "Cc", a song by Ecco2K from his album '' E'' Brands and enterprises Food and drink * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ullmann Coupling
The Ullmann reaction or Ullmann coupling, named after Fritz Ullmann, couples two aryl or alkyl groups with the help of copper. The reaction was first reported by Ullmann and his student Bielecki in 1901. It has been later shown that palladium and nickel can also be effectively used. Aryl-Aryl bond formation is a fundamental tool in modern organic synthesis, with applications spanning natural product synthesis, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and the development of commercial dyes and polyaromatics. With over a century of history, the Ullmann reaction has been one of the first to use a transition metal, primarily copper, in its higher oxidation states. Despite the significant implications of biaryl coupling in industries, the Ullmann reaction was plagued by a number of problems in its early development. However, in modern times the Ullmann reaction has revived interest due to several advantages of copper over other catalytic metals. Mechanism The reaction mechanism of the Ullman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
X-ray Crystallography
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to Diffraction, diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallography, crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal and the positions of the atoms, as well as their chemical bonds, crystallographic disorder, and other information. X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields. In its first decades of use, this method determined the size of atoms, the lengths and types of chemical bonds, and the atomic-scale differences between various materials, especially minerals and alloys. The method has also revealed the structure and function of many biological molecules, including vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA. X-ray crystall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bleomycin A2
-13- (1''H''-imidazol-5-yl)methyl9-hydroxy-5- 1''R'')-1-hydroxyethyl8,10-dimethyl-4,7,12,15-tetraoxo-3,6,11,14-tetraazapentadec-1-yl}-2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}propyl)(dimethyl)sulfonium , C=55 , H=84 , N=17 , O=21 , S=3 , SMILES = CC1=C(N=C(N=C1N) @HCC(=O)N)NC @@HC(=O)N)N)C(=O)N @@HC(C2=CN=CN2)O @H @H @H @@H @@HO3)CO)O)O)O @@H @H @H @@H @HO4)CO)O)OC(=O)N)O)C(=O)N @HC) @H @HC)C(=O)N @@H @@HC)O)C(=O)NCCC5=NC(=CS5)C6=NC(=CS6)C(=O)NCCC +C)C)O , StdInChI_Ref = , StdInChI = 1S/C55H83N17O21S3/c1-20-33(69-46(72-44(20)58)25(12-31(57)76)64-13-24(56)45(59)82)50(86)71-35(41(26-14-61-19-65-26)91-54-43(39(80)37(78)29(15-73)90-54)92-53-40(81)42(93-55(60)88)38(79)30(16-74)89-53)51(87)66-22(3)36(77)21(2)47(83)70-34(23(4)75)49(85)63-10-8-32-67-28(18-94-32)52-68-27(17-95-52)48(84)62-9-7-11-96(5)6/h14,17-19,21-25,29-30,34-43,53-54,64,73-75,77-81H,7-13,15-16,56H2,1-6H3,(H13-,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,65,66,69,70,71,72,76,82,83,84,85,86,87,88)/p+1/t21-,22+,23+,24-, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medicinal Chemistry
Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with drug design, designing and developing pharmaceutical medication, drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and development of new chemical entity, new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use. It also includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties, and their quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Medicinal chemistry is a highly interdisciplinary science combining organic chemistry with biochemistry, computational chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology, statistics, and physical chemistry. Compounds used as medicines are most often organic compounds, which are often divided into the broad classes of Small molecule, small organic molecules (e.g., atorvastatin, fluticasone, clopidogrel) and "biologic medical product, biologics" (infliximab, erythropoietin, insulin glargine), the latter of whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cysteine
Cysteine (; symbol Cys or C) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the chemical formula, formula . The thiol side chain in cysteine enables the formation of Disulfide, disulfide bonds, and often participates in enzymatic reactions as a nucleophile. Cysteine is chiral, but both D and L-cysteine are found in nature. LCysteine is a protein monomer in all biota, and D-cysteine acts as a signaling molecule in mammalian nervous systems. Cysteine is named after its discovery in urine, which comes from the urinary bladder or cyst, from Ancient Greek, Greek κύστις ''kýstis'', "bladder". The thiol is susceptible to oxidation to give the disulfide bond, disulfide derivative cystine, which serves an important structural role in many proteins. In this case, the symbol Cyx is sometimes used. The deprotonated form can generally be described by the symbol Cym as well. When used as a food additive, cysteine has the E number E920. Cysteine is Genetic code, encoded by the codo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bleomycin
-13- (1''H''-imidazol-5-yl)methyl9-hydroxy-5- 1''R'')-1-hydroxyethyl8,10-dimethyl-4,7,12,15-tetraoxo-3,6,11,14-tetraazapentadec-1-yl}-2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}propyl)(dimethyl)sulfonium , C=55 , H=84 , N=17 , O=21 , S=3 , SMILES = CC1=C(N=C(N=C1N) @HCC(=O)N)NC @@HC(=O)N)N)C(=O)N @@HC(C2=CN=CN2)O @H @H @H @@H @@HO3)CO)O)O)O @@H @H @H @@H @HO4)CO)O)OC(=O)N)O)C(=O)N @HC) @H @HC)C(=O)N @@H @@HC)O)C(=O)NCCC5=NC(=CS5)C6=NC(=CS6)C(=O)NCCC +C)C)O , StdInChI_Ref = , StdInChI = 1S/C55H83N17O21S3/c1-20-33(69-46(72-44(20)58)25(12-31(57)76)64-13-24(56)45(59)82)50(86)71-35(41(26-14-61-19-65-26)91-54-43(39(80)37(78)29(15-73)90-54)92-53-40(81)42(93-55(60)88)38(79)30(16-74)89-53)51(87)66-22(3)36(77)21(2)47(83)70-34(23(4)75)49(85)63-10-8-32-67-28(18-94-32)52-68-27(17-95-52)48(84)62-9-7-11-96(5)6/h14,17-19,21-25,29-30,34-43,53-54,64,73-75,77-81H,7-13,15-16,56H2,1-6H3,(H13-,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,65,66,69,70,71,72,76,82,83,84,85,86,87,88)/p+1/t21-,22+,23+,24-, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycopeptide
Glycopeptides are peptides that contain carbohydrate moieties ( glycans) covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide. Over the past few decades it has been recognised that glycans on cell surface (attached to membrane proteins or lipids) and those bound to proteins ( glycoproteins) play a critical role in biology. For example, these constructs have been shown to play important roles in fertilization, the immune system, brain development, the endocrine system, and inflammation. The synthesis of glycopeptides provides biological probes for researchers to elucidate glycan function in nature and products that have useful therapeutic and biotechnological applications. Glycopeptide linkage variety ''N''-Linked glycans ''N''-Linked glycans derive their name from the fact that the glycan is attached to an asparagine (Asn, N) residue, and are amongst the most common linkages found in nature. Although the majority of N-linked glyca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luciferin
Luciferin () is a generic term for the light-emitting chemical compound, compound found in organisms that generate bioluminescence. Luciferins typically undergo an enzyme-catalyzed reaction with Oxygen, molecular oxygen. The resulting transformation, which usually involves breaking off a molecular fragment, produces an excited state intermediate that emits light upon decaying to its ground state. The term may refer to molecules that are substrates for both luciferases and photoproteins. Types Luciferins are a class of small-molecule substrate (biochemistry), substrates that react with oxygen in the presence of a luciferase (an enzyme) to release energy in the form of light. It is not known just how many types of luciferins there are, but some of the better-studied compounds are listed below. Because of the chemical diversity of luciferins, there is no clear unifying mechanism of action, except that all require molecular oxygen, The variety of luciferins and luciferases, their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzothiazole
Benzothiazole, or more specifically 1,3-benzothiazole, is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula . It is colorless, slightly viscous liquid. Although the parent compound, benzothiazole is not widely used, many of its derivatives are found in commercial products or in nature. Firefly luciferin can be considered a derivative of benzothiazole. It has a sulfurous odor and meaty flavor. The three structural isomers of benzothizaole are 1,3-benzothiazole, 1,2-benzothiazole and 2,1-benzothiazole. Structure and reactivity Benzothiazoles consist of a 5-membered 1,3- thiazole ring fused to a benzene ring. The nine atoms of the bicycle and the attached substituents are coplanar. The heterocyclic core of the molecule is readily substituted at the methyne (CH) centre in the thiazole ring. Thiazole is electron-withdrawing. Synthesis and biosynthesis Benzothiazoles are typically prepared by treatment of 2-mercaptoaniline. For example, acid chlorides are effective: :C6 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
