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Antennal Lobe
The antennal lobe is the primary (first order) olfactory brain area in insects. The antennal lobe is a sphere-shaped deutocerebral neuropil in the brain that receives input from the olfactory sensory neurons in the antennae and mouthparts. Functionally, it shares some similarities with the olfactory bulb in vertebrates. The anatomy and physiology function of the insect brain can be studied by dissecting open the insect brain and imaging or carrying ou''in vivo'' electrophysiological recordingsfrom it. Structure In insects, the olfactory pathway starts at the antennae (though in some insects like ''Drosophila'' there are olfactory sensory neurons in other parts of the body) from where the sensory neurons carry the information about the odorant molecules impinging on the antenna to the antennal lobe. The antennal lobe is composed of densely packed neuropils, termed glomeruli, where the sensory neurons synapse with the two other kinds of neurons, the postsynaptic principle neurons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insect
Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. Their blood is not totally contained in vessels; some circulates in an open cavity known as the haemocoel. Insects are the most diverse group of animals; they include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms. The total number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million; In: potentially over 90% of the animal life forms on Earth are insects. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, which are dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans, which recent research has indicated insects are nested within. Nearly all insects hatch f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Melanogaster
''Drosophila melanogaster'' is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae. The species is often referred to as the fruit fly or lesser fruit fly, or less commonly the " vinegar fly" or "pomace fly". Starting with Charles W. Woodworth's 1901 proposal of the use of this species as a model organism, ''D. melanogaster'' continues to be widely used for biological research in genetics, physiology, microbial pathogenesis, and life history evolution. As of 2017, five Nobel Prizes have been awarded to drosophilists for their work using the insect. ''D. melanogaster'' is typically used in research owing to its rapid life cycle, relatively simple genetics with only four pairs of chromosomes, and large number of offspring per generation. It was originally an African species, with all non-African lineages having a common origin. Its geographic range includes all continents, including islands. ''D. melanogaster'' is a common pest in homes, restaurants, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Random House
Random House is an American book publisher and the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world. The company has several independently managed subsidiaries around the world. It is part of Penguin Random House, which is owned by German media conglomerate Bertelsmann. History Random House was founded in 1927 by Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer, two years after they acquired the Modern Library imprint from publisher Horace Liveright, which reprints classic works of literature. Cerf is quoted as saying, "We just said we were going to publish a few books on the side at random," which suggested the name Random House. In 1934 they published the first authorized edition of James Joyce's novel '' Ulysses'' in the Anglophone world. ''Ulysses'' transformed Random House into a formidable publisher over the next two decades. In 1936, it absorbed the firm of Smith and Haas—Robert Haas became the third partner until retiring and selling his share back to Cerf and Klopfer in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Theoretical Biology
The ''Journal of Theoretical Biology'' is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering theoretical biology, as well as mathematical, computational, and statistical aspects of biology. Some research areas covered by the journal include cell biology, evolutionary biology, population genetics, morphogenesis, and immunology. The journal was established in 1961. Its founding editor-in-chief was English biologist James F. Danielli, who remained editor until his death in 1984. The journal is published by Elsevier and, , the editors-in-chief are Denise Kirschner (University of Michigan Medical School), Mark Chaplain ( University of St. Andrews), and Akira Sawaki (Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya). Lewis Wolpert served as editor-in-chief for more than 55 years. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'' the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.691. Notable articles The following are the most highly cited articles (more than 2000 citations at April 2021) that have been published ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Senses
''Chemical Senses'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of chemoreception, including taste, smell, vomeronasal, and trigeminal chemoreception in humans and other animals. It is published by Oxford University Press and the editor-in-chief is Steven D. Munger (University of Florida). It is the official journal of the Association for Chemoreception Sciences, the European Chemosensory Research Organization, the Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell, the Australasian Association for Chemosensory Science, and the Korean Society for Chemical Senses and Ingestive Behavior. History The journal was established in 1974 as ''Chemical Senses and Flavor,'' with Howard Moskowitz and Egon Peter Köster as founding editors. Volumes 1 and 2 were published by D. Reidel Publishing Company. Beginning with volume 3 in 1978, ''Chemical Senses & Flavor'' was published by IRL Press in association with the European Chemosensory Research Organization. The jour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nature Neuroscience
''Nature Neuroscience'' is a monthly scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group. Its focus is original research papers relating specifically to neuroscience and was established in May 1998. The chief editor is Shari Wiseman. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', ''Nature Neuroscience'' had a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as ... of 24.884. References External links * Neuroscience journals Nature Research academic journals Publications established in 1998 Monthly journals English-language journals {{neuroscience-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nature Reviews Neuroscience
''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'' is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in 2000. The editor-in-chief is Darran Yates. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: *PubMed/MEDLINE *Science Citation Index Expanded *Scopus According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 38.755, ranking it 1st out of 274 journals in the category "Neurosciences". See also * List of scientific journals *Nature (journal) ''Nature'' is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England. As a multidisciplinary publication, ''Nature'' features peer-reviewed research from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. ... * :Nature Research academic journals External links * References Neuroscience journals Nature Research academic journals Monthly journals English-language journals Publications established in 2000 Review journal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olfactory Receptor Neuron
An olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a sensory neuron within the olfactory system. Structure Humans have between 10 and 20 million olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the external surface of the cribriform plate with axons that pass through the cribriform foramina with terminal end at olfactory bulbs. The ORNs are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. The cell bodies of the ORNs are distributed among all three of the stratified layers of the olfactory epithelium. Many tiny hair-like non-motile cilia protrude from the olfactory receptor cell's dendrites. The dendrites extend to the olfactory epithelial surface and each ends in a dendritic knob from which around 20 to 35 cilia protrude. The cilia have a length of up to 100 micrometres and with the cilia from other dendrites form a meshwork in the olfactory mucus. The surface of the cilia is co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neuron (journal)
''Neuron'' is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cell Press, and imprint of Elsevier. It was established in 1988, and covers neuroscience and related biological processes. The current editor in chief is Mariela Zirlinger. The founding editors were Lily Jan, A. James Hudspeth, Louis Reichardt, Roger Nicoll, and Zach Hall. A past Editor in Chief was Katja Brose Katja Brose is a Science Program Officer at the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI) where she leads CZI's efforts in neurodegenerative disease. Education and career path Brose received a bachelor's degree in Biology and European history from Brown Uni .... Transcript and video available. Click on "Transcript" for text. * See alsoA Career in Science Editing: Katja BroseEditor in Chief, Neuron References External links * Neuroscience journals Cell Press academic journals Publications established in 1988 English-language journals Biweekly journals {{neuroscience-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lateral Horn Of Insect Brain
The lateral horn (lateral protocerebrum) is one of the two areas of the insect brain where projection neurons of the antennal lobe send their axons. The other area is the mushroom body. Several morphological classes of neurons in the lateral horn receive olfactory information through the projection neurons. In lateral horn, axons of pheromone-sensitive projection neurons are segregated from the axons of plant odor-sensitive projection neurons. In addition, the dendrites of lateral horn neurons are restricted to one of these two zones, suggesting that pheromones and plant odors are processed separately in the lateral horn. Lateral horn neurons responsive to non-pheromonal odors arborize widely in the lateral horn, possibly integrating information from a large number of projection neurons (even if the projection neurons themselves project only to specific regions of the lateral horn). Intracellular recordings from lateral horn neurons show that many of these neurons respond broadly to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushroom Body
The mushroom bodies or ''corpora pedunculata'' are a pair of structures in the brain of insects, other arthropods, and some annelids (notably the ragworm ''Platynereis dumerilii''). They are known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory. In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons. They were first identified and described by French biologist Félix Dujardin in 1850. Structure Mushroom bodies are usually described as neuropils, i.e. as dense networks of neuronal processes (dendrite and axon terminals) and glia. They get their name from their roughly hemispherical ''calyx'', a protuberance that is joined to the rest of the brain by a central nerve tract or ''peduncle''. Most of our current knowledge of mushroom bodies comes from studies of a few species of insect, especially the cockroach ''Periplaneta americana'', the honey bee '' Apis mellifera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neurites
A neurite or neuronal process refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron. This projection can be either an axon or a dendrite. The term is frequently used when speaking of immature or developing neurons, especially of cells in culture, because it can be difficult to tell axons from dendrites before differentiation is complete. Neurite development The development of a neurite requires a complex interplay of both extracellular and intracellular signals. At every given point along a developing neurite, there are receptors detecting both positive and negative growth cues from every direction in the surrounding space. The developing neurite sums together all of these growth signals in order to determine which direction the neurite will ultimately grow towards. While not all of the growth signals are known, several have been identified and characterized. Among the known extracellular growth signals are netrin, a midline chemoattractant, and semaphorin, ephrin and colla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
