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Assignat
An assignat () was a monetary instrument, an order to pay, used during the time of the French Revolution, and the French Revolutionary Wars. France Assignats were paper money (fiat currency) authorized by the Constituent Assembly in France from 1789 to 1796, during the French Revolution, to address imminent bankruptcy. They were originally backed by the value of properties now held by the nation; those of the crown taken over on 7 October, and those of the Catholic Church, which were confiscated, on the motion of Mirabeau, by the Assembly on 2 November 1789. Credit was wrecked, according to Talleyrand; for Mirabeau "the deficit was the treasure of the nation". In September the treasury was empty. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord proposed "national goods" should be given back to the nation. Necker proposed to borrow from the Caisse d'Escompte, but his intention to change the private bank into a national bank similar to the Bank of England failed. A general default ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Jacques Necker
Jacques Necker (; 30 September 1732 – 9 April 1804) was a Republic of Geneva, Genevan banker and statesman who served as List of Finance Ministers of France, finance minister for Louis XVI of France, Louis XVI. He was a reformer, but his innovations sometimes caused great discontent. Necker was a constitutional monarchist, a political economist, and a Morality, moralist, who wrote a severe critique of the new principle of equality before the law. Necker initially held the finance post between July 1777 and 1781. In 1781, he earned widespread recognition for his unprecedented decision to publish the Compte rendu – thus making the country's budget public – "a novelty in an absolute monarchy where the state of finances had always been kept a secret." Necker was dismissed within a few months. By 1788, the inexorable compounding of interest on the national debt brought France to a fiscal crisis. Necker was recalled to royal service. His dismissal on 11 July 1789 was a factor in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Biens Nationaux
The were Real property, properties confiscated during the French Revolution from the Catholic Church in France, Catholic Church, the list of French monarchs, monarchy, French emigration (1789–1815), émigrés, and suspected counter-revolutionaries for "the good of the nation". means "goods", both in the sense of "objects" and in the sense of "benefits". means "of the nation". This can be summarized as "things for the good of the nation", or simply "national goods". The possessions of the Roman Catholic Church were declared national property by the . These were sold to resolve the financial crisis that caused the Revolution. Later, the properties of list of French monarchs, the Crown were given the same treatment. The concept of national property was later extended to the property of the French emigration (1789–1815), émigrés, and the suspected counter-revolutionaries, which were confiscated from 30 March 1792, and sold after the decree of 27 July. Confiscation of the g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte De Mirabeau
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Count of Mirabeau (; 9 March 17492 April 1791) was a French writer, orator, statesman and a prominent figure of the early stages of the French Revolution. A member of the nobility, Mirabeau had been involved in numerous scandals that had left his reputation in ruins. Well-known for his oratory skills, Mirabeau quickly rose to the top of the French political hierarchy following his election to the Estates General of 1789, Estates-General in 1789, and was recognized as a leader of the newly organized National Assembly (French Revolution), National Assembly. Among the revolutionaries, Mirabeau was an advocate of the moderate position of constitutional monarchy built on the model of Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain. He was also a leading member of the Jacobins, Jacobin Club. Mirabeau died of pericarditis in 1791 and was regarded as a national hero and a father of the Revolution. He received a grand burial and was the first to be interred at the Panth� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Caisse D'Escompte
The Caisse d'Escompte () was a French financial institution and bank of issue during the last quarter of the 18th century. It was the next significant attempt to create a central bank following the collapse of John Law's Bank in 1720, and a predecessor to the Bank of France established in 1800, which was largely modeled on it. The Caisse d'Escompte was established by financiers and in 1776 under king Louis XVI. Despite a difficult start and frequent episodes of stress linked to France's overall fragile financial situation, it developed promisingly until the French Revolution when it suffered from France's general financial distress. It was eventually terminated by executive order of the National Convention on . Name Following the failure of John Law's system, the word "bank" became associated in France with financial unsustainability and avoided by all new credit institutions. The preferred euphemism that was adopted in substitution was the word "caisse" which in French refer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Étienne Clavière
Étienne Clavière (; 29 January 17358 December 1793) was a Genevan-born French financier and politician of the French Revolution. He was the French Minister of Finance between 24 March and 12 June 1792, and again between 10 August 1792 and 2 June 1793. Career in Geneva and exile Clavière was born on 29 January 1735 in Geneva, Republic of Geneva to Jean-Jacques Clavière, a cloth merchant. His father was a Huguenot refugee from Serres who was admitted to the bourgeoisie of Geneva in 1735. After a commercial apprenticeship in Christian-Erlang, Clavière became a partner in the company ''Cazenove, Clavière et Fils''. He emerged as a spokesman for the bourgeoisie during the Genevan political unrest of 1766–1768, and became a member of the Council of Two Hundred in 1770. Clavière was one of the democratic leaders of the Geneva Revolution of 1782. After its suppression, he went into exile, becoming a financier in Paris in 1784. His brother moved to Brussels. Clavière ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Legal Tender
Legal tender is a form of money that Standard of deferred payment, courts of law are required to recognize as satisfactory payment in court for any monetary debt. Each jurisdiction determines what is legal tender, but essentially it is anything which, when offered ("tendered") in payment of a debt, extinguishes the debt. There is no obligation on the creditor to accept the tendered payment, but the act of tendering the payment in legal tender discharges the debt. It is generally only mandatory to recognize the payment of legal tender in the discharge of a monetary debt from a debtor to a creditor. Sellers offering to enter into contractual relationship, such as a contract for the sale of goods, do not need to accept legal tender and may instead contractually require payment using electronic methods, foreign currencies or any other legally recognized object of value. Coins and banknotes are usually defined as legal tender in many countries, but personal cheque, checks, credit c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Surety
In finance, a surety , surety bond, or guaranty involves a promise by one party to assume responsibility for the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults. Usually, a surety bond or surety is a promise by a person or company (a ''surety'' or ''guarantor'') to pay one party (the ''obligee'') a certain amount if a second party (the ''principal'') fails to meet some obligation, such as fulfilling the terms of a contract. The surety bond protects the obligee against losses resulting from the principal's failure to meet the obligation. Overview A surety bond is defined as a contract among at least three parties: * the ''obligee'': the party who is the recipient of an obligation * the ''principal'': the primary party who will perform the contractual obligation * the ''surety'': who assures the obligee that the principal can perform the task European surety bonds can be issued by banks and surety companies. If issued by banks they are called "Bank Guaranties" in English a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
John Law (economist)
John Law (pronounced in French in the traditional approximation of ''Laws'', the colloquial Scottish form of the name; 21 April 1671 – 21 March 1729) was a Scottish-French economist and financier. He rose to power in France where he created a novel financial scheme for French public finances known as Law's System () with two institutions at its core, John Law's Bank and John Law's Company (also known as the Mississippi company), ending in the devastating boom and bust "Mississippi Bubble" of 1720. Born in Scotland, Law was an accomplished gambler with an interest in the rules of probability. After killing a man in a duel and being sentenced to death, he fled to mainland Europe. He read economics and made the acquaintance of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who became regent for the juvenile Louis XV of France in 1715. In 1716 Philippe approved Law's plan to create a private bank which would take gold deposits in return for bank notes, loaning out the gold. It was structured as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Armand-Gaston Camus
Armand-Gaston Camus (2 April 17402 November 1804), French revolutionist, was a successful lawyer and advocate before the French Revolution. He was the son of Pierre Camus, a lawyer in the Parlement of Paris. Camus is considered the founder of the Archives Nationales, as in 1789 he was appointed as archivist of its predecessor, the Commission des archives of the Assembly ( Estates-General). He served in this role until his death. French Revolution In 1789 Camus was elected by the Third Estate of Paris to the Estates-General; he attracted attention by his speeches against social inequalities. He was one of the National Assembly's earliest presidents (28 October11 November 1789), and he was the most frequent speaker: no one addressed the Assembly more times than he did (more than 600 times); d'André is second at 497, and le Chapelier third at 447. Camus was so frequently called upon to speak mostly because of his expertise in canon law. Camus was appointed on 14 August 178 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
The Value Of Assignats(1789-1796)
''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with nouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as (homophone of the archaic pronoun ''thee'') ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Marquis De Condorcet
Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet (; ; 17 September 1743 – 29 March 1794), known as Nicolas de Condorcet, was a French Philosophy, philosopher, Political economy, political economist, Politics, politician, and mathematician. His ideas, including support for liberal economy, free markets, Universal access to education, public education, constitutionalism, constitutional government, and Social equality, equal rights for women and people of all races, have been said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment, of which he has been called the "last witness", and Enlightenment rationalism. A critic of the constitution proposed by Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles in 1793, the Convention Nationale – and the Jacobin faction in particular – voted to have Condorcet arrested. He died in prison after a period of hiding from the French Revolutionary authorities. Early years Condorcet was born in Ribemont (in present-day Aisne), descended ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
