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Alpertine
Alpertine (, ; developmental code name WIN-31665) is a drug of the pertine group described as an antipsychotic, neuroleptic, and tranqulizer which was never marketed. Structurally, it is a substituted tryptamine and a piperazinylethylindole. The drug is closely structurally related to other "pertines" including milipertine, oxypertine, and solypertine, which are also tryptamines and piperazinylethylindoles. The related drug oxypertine shows high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptors (Ki = 8.6nM and 30nM, respectively) and is also known to act as a catecholamine depleting agent. Oxypertine, milipertine, and solypertine all antagonize the behavioral effects of tryptamine, a serotonin receptor agonist, and apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, in animals. Conversely however, alpertine was not effective, at least at doses of up to 10mg/kg. ''ortho''-Methoxyphenylpiperazine (oMeOPP) has been said to be a metabolite of the related drugs milipertine and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milipertine
Milipertine (, ; developmental code name WIN-18935) is a drug of the pertine group described as an antipsychotic, neuroleptic, and tranquilizer which was under development for the treatment of schizophrenia but was never marketed. Structurally, it is a substituted tryptamine and a piperazinylethylindole. The drug is closely structurally related to other "pertines" including alpertine, oxypertine, and solypertine, which are also tryptamines and piperazinylethylindoles. The related drug oxypertine shows high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptors (Ki = 8.6nM and 30nM, respectively) and is also known to act as a catecholamine depleting agent. Oxypertine, milipertine, and solypertine all antagonize the behavioral effects of tryptamine, a serotonin receptor agonist, and apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, in animals. ''ortho''-Methoxyphenylpiperazine (oMeOPP) has been said to be a metabolite of milipertine, as well as of oxypertine and several other dru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxypertine
Oxypertine, sold under the brand name Oxypertine among others, is an antipsychotic medication of the pertine group which was previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia but is no longer marketed. It was also evaluated for the treatment of anxiety. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics The drug shows high affinity Affinity may refer to: Commerce, finance and law * Affinity (law), kinship by marriage * Affinity analysis, a market research and business management technique * Affinity Credit Union, a Saskatchewan-based credit union * Affinity Equity Pa ... for the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor, 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptor, D2 receptors (Ki = 8.6nM and 30nM, respectively). It antagonizes the behavioral effects of tryptamine, a serotonin receptor agonist, and apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, in animals. Like reserpine and tetrabenazine, oxypertine depletes catecholamines, though not serotonin, possibly contributing to its antipsychotic effectiveness. Chemistry Chemicall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solypertine
Solypertine (; developmental code name WIN-18413), also known as solypertine tartrate () in the case of the tartrate salt, is a drug of the pertine group described as an antiadrenergic (or adrenolytic/sympatholytic) and as also potentially possessing neuroleptic properties which was never marketed. Structurally, it is a substituted tryptamine and a piperazinylethylindole. The drug is closely structurally related to other "pertines" including alpertine, milipertine, and oxypertine, which are also tryptamines and piperazinylethylindoles. Solypertine can be synthesized from 5,6-methylenedioxyindole. The related drug oxypertine shows high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptors (Ki = 8.6nM and 30nM, respectively) and is also known to act as a catecholamine depleting agent. Oxypertine, milipertine, and solypertine all antagonize the behavioral effects of tryptamine, a serotonin receptor agonist, and apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, in animals. ''ort ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drug
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via insufflation (medicine), inhalation, drug injection, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption (skin), absorption via a dermal patch, patch on the skin, suppository, or sublingual administration, dissolution under the tongue. In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to pharmacotherapy, treat, cure, preventive healthcare, prevent, or medical diagnosis, diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tryptamine
Tryptamine is an indolamine metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan. The chemical structure is defined by an indole—a fused benzene and pyrrole ring, and a 2-aminoethyl group at the second carbon (third aromatic atom, with the first one being the heterocyclic nitrogen). The structure of tryptamine is a shared feature of certain aminergic neuromodulators including melatonin, serotonin, bufotenin and psychedelic derivatives such as dimethyltryptamine (DMT), psilocybin, psilocin and others. Tryptamine has been shown to activate serotonin receptors and trace amine-associated receptors expressed in the mammalian brain, and regulates the activity of dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamatergic systems. In the human gut, bacteria convert dietary tryptophan to tryptamine, which activates 5-HT4 receptors and regulates gastrointestinal motility. Multiple tryptamine-derived drugs have been developed to treat migraines, while trace amine-associated receptors are bei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antipsychotics
Antipsychotics, previously known as neuroleptics and major tranquilizers, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders. They are also the mainstay, together with mood stabilizers, in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Moreover, they are also used as adjuncts in the treatment of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. The use of antipsychotics may result in many unwanted side effects such as involuntary movement disorders, gynecomastia, impotence, weight gain and metabolic syndrome. Long-term use can produce adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, tardive akathisia, and brain tissue volume reduction. The long term use of antipsychotics often changes the brain both structurally and chemically in a way that can be difficult or impossible to reverse. This can lead ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abandoned Drugs
Abandon, abandoned, or abandonment may refer to: Common uses * Abandonment (emotional), a subjective emotional state in which people feel undesired, left behind, insecure, or discarded * Abandonment (legal), a legal term regarding property ** Child abandonment, the extralegal abandonment of children ** Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property, legal status of property after abandonment and rediscovery * Abandonment (mysticism) Art, entertainment, and media Film * ''Abandon'' (film), a 2002 film starring Katie Holmes * ''Abandoned'' (1949 film), starring Dennis O'Keefe * ''Abandoned'' (1955 film), the English language title of the Italian war film ''Gli Sbandati'' * ''Abandoned'' (2001 film), a Hungarian film * ''Abandoned'' (2010 film), starring Brittany Murphy * ''Abandoned'' (2015 film), a television movie about the shipwreck of the ''Rose-Noëlle'' in 1989 * ''Abandoned'' (2022 film), starring Emma Roberts * ''The Abandoned'' (1945 film), a 1945 Mexican film * ''The Aba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pertine
The pertines are a group of antipsychotics of the cyclized tryptamine and phenylpiperazine families that includes the following drugs: * Alpertine (WIN-31665) * Milipertine (WIN-18935) * Oxypertine (WIN-18501) * Solypertine (WIN-18413) Oxypertine is known to show high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptors (Ki = 8.6nM and 30nM, respectively) and to also act as a catecholamine depleting agent. Oxypertine, milipertine, and solypertine all antagonize the behavioral effects of tryptamine, a serotonin receptor agonist, and apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, in animals. Some of the pertines, like milipertine and solypertine, are notable in containing an NBOMe-like moiety. The pertines were developed and initially described in the 1960s and 1970s. See also * Cyclized tryptamine * 5-MeO-T-NBOMe * ''N''-Benzyltryptamine * Carmoxirole Carmoxirole (; developmental code name EMD-45609) is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist which was developed as a poten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Literature
Scientific literature encompasses a vast body of academic papers that spans various disciplines within the natural and social sciences. It primarily consists of academic papers that present original empirical research and theoretical contributions. These papers serve as essential sources of knowledge and are commonly referred to simply as "the literature" within specific research fields. The process of academic publishing involves disseminating research findings to a wider audience. Researchers submit their work to reputable journals or conferences, where it undergoes rigorous evaluation by experts in the field. This evaluation, known as peer review, ensures the quality, validity, and reliability of the research before it becomes part of the scientific literature. Peer-reviewed publications contribute significantly to advancing our understanding of the world and shaping future research endeavors. Original scientific research first published in scientific journals co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metabolite
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism. The term is usually used for small molecules. Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an enzyme), defense, and interactions with other organisms (e.g. pigments, odorants, and pheromones). A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal "growth", development, and reproduction. Ethylene exemplifies a primary metabolite produced large-scale by industrial microbiology. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has an important ecological function. Examples include antibiotics and pigments such as resins and terpenes etc. Some antibiotics use primary metabolites as precursors, such as actinomycin, which is created from the primary metabolite tryptophan. Some sugars are metabolites, such as fructose or glucose, which ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ortho-Methoxyphenylpiperazine
''ortho''-Methoxyphenylpiperazine (oMeOPP), also known as 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine (2-MeOPP), is a phenylpiperazine derivative which is known to act as a serotonergic agent. Along with various other phenylpiperazines, like benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP), oMeOPP has been found in illicit drug samples. Pharmacology The drug has been found to have high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, where it acts as a partial agonist ( ≈ 70%), but shows no affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor or the dopamine receptors. This is in contrast to the related drug ''meta''-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), which shows high affinity for both the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors. oMeOPP and mCPP have both been found to suppress conditioned avoidance responses (CARs) without markedly affecting escape behavior in animals, indicative that they have antipsychotic-like effects. The serotonin receptor antagonist metergoline reversed the suppression ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dopamine Receptor
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Dopamine receptors activate different effectors through not only G-protein coupling, but also signaling through different protein (dopamine receptor-interacting proteins) interactions. The neurotransmitter dopamine is the primary endogenous ligand for dopamine receptors. Dopamine receptors are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling. Abnormal dopamine receptor signaling and dopaminergic nerve function is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, dopamine receptors are common neurologic drug targets; antipsychotics are often dopamine receptor antagonists while psychostimulants are typically indirect agonists of dopamine receptors. Subtypes The existence of multiple types of receptors for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
