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Zain-ul-Abidin
, spouse = , issue = Haider Shah , issue-link = , issue-pipe = , house = Shah Mir dynasty , father = Sikandar Shah Miri , mother = , birth_date = 25 November 1395 , birth_place = Kashmir, Shah Mir Sultanate , death_date = 5 April 1470 , death_place = Srinagar, Kashmir , burial_date = 12 April 1470 , burial_place = Srinagar , religion = Sunni Islam } Ghiyas-ud-Din Zain-ul-Abidin () was the eighth ''sultan'' of Kashmir. He was known by his subjects as ''Bud Shah'' (the Great King). The first 35 years of his reign are described by Jonaraja in the ''Rajatarangini Dvitiya'', while the subsequent years are described by his pupil, Srivara, in the ''Rajatarangini Tritiya''. Rise to power Shahi Khan, a son of Sultan Sikander the ruler of Kashmir, was charged with the rule of the kingdom of Kashmir when his elder brother, Ali Shah, left the kingdom on a pilgrimage to Mecca. It was at this time that Ali Shah gave Shahi Khan t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shah Mir Dynasty
The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. During the rule of the dynasty from 1339 to 1561, Islam forcefully established in Kashmir. Origins The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya، Sufi groups in Kashmir. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Abu ’l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arju ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Budshah Tomb
, spouse = , issue = Haider Shah , issue-link = , issue-pipe = , house = Shah Mir dynasty , father = Sikandar Shah Miri , mother = , birth_date = 25 November 1395 , birth_place = Kashmir, Shah Mir Sultanate , death_date = 5 April 1470 , death_place = Srinagar, Kashmir , burial_date = 12 April 1470 , burial_place = Srinagar , religion = Sunni Islam } Ghiyas-ud-Din Zain-ul-Abidin () was the eighth ''sultan'' of Kashmir. He was known by his subjects as ''Bud Shah'' (the Great King). The first 35 years of his reign are described by Jonaraja in the ''Rajatarangini Dvitiya'', while the subsequent years are described by his pupil, Srivara, in the ''Rajatarangini Tritiya''. Rise to power Shahi Khan, a son of Sultan Sikander the ruler of Kashmir, was charged with the rule of the kingdom of Kashmir when his elder brother, Ali Shah, left the kingdom on a pilgrimage to Mecca. It was at this time that Ali Shah gave Shahi Khan t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rajatarangini
''Rajatarangini'' ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called ''tarangas'' ("waves"). The ''Rajataringini'' provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Context Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. In the first ''Taranga'' (book) of ''Rajatarangini'', Kalhan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sikandar Shah Miri
Sikandar Shah (Sikandar Butshikan – "Sikandar, the Iconoclast") was the sixth sultan of the Shah Miri dynasty of Kashmir from 1389 to 1413. Sources The only contemporaneous source that exists is the Rajatarangini (lit. Flow of Succession of Kings) by Jonaraja. Jonaraja was the Brahmin court-poet of Sikandar's successor Zain-ul-Abidin and was commissioned to continue Kalhana's Rajatarangini. One manuscript of his work—edited between 1561 and 1588 by an anonymous person using information from other sources—emends certain portions of the text in the margins; he is conventionally called (and the work, Ps-JRT) in scholarship. Extant Persian sources, including Baharistan-i-shahi (anon.), Tohfatu'l-Ahbab (anon.) and Tarikh-i-Kashmir corpus, were written relatively later and drew from recensions of Rajatarangini(s) but they provide considerable additional information. These were later used by authors starting from Abul Fazl, the first chronicler from outside Kashmir and Niza ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sultan Sikander
Sikandar Shah (Sikandar Butshikan – "Sikandar, the Iconoclast") was the sixth sultan of the Shah Miri dynasty of Kashmir from 1389 to 1413. Sources The only contemporaneous source that exists is the Rajatarangini (lit. Flow of Succession of Kings) by Jonaraja. Jonaraja was the Brahmin court-poet of Sikandar's successor Zain-ul-Abidin and was commissioned to continue Kalhana's Rajatarangini. One manuscript of his work—edited between 1561 and 1588 by an anonymous person using information from other sources—emends certain portions of the text in the margins; he is conventionally called (and the work, Ps-JRT) in scholarship. Extant Persian sources, including Baharistan-i-shahi (anon.), Tohfatu'l-Ahbab (anon.) and Tarikh-i-Kashmir corpus, were written relatively later and drew from recensions of Rajatarangini(s) but they provide considerable additional information. These were later used by authors starting from Abul Fazl, the first chronicler from outside Kashmir and Niza ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jasrath Khokhar
Mustafa Jasrat Shaikha Khokhar ( pa, ) was the chief of the Khokhars during 1420–1442. He was a Muslim Jat ruler. He was known for founding a Khokhar Empire which consisted of the present day Indian states of Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, as well as the present day Pakistani provinces of Punjab, Islamabad, Azad Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. His campaigns also included Delhi. Early and personal life Jasrat Khokhar was born to Khokhar King, Shaikha Khokhar to Khokhar Muslim royal family. In one of his father's battles, he was captured by Timurid Army and was held prisoner in Samarkand. However, due to his extra ordinary battle skills, he was appointed as a general in the Timurid army. For developing better relations with Timurids, he married a Timurid / Mughal Barlas princess, Sa'adat Sultan Agha who was the daughter of emperor Shah Rukh Mirza and granddaughter of Timur.Later, he left Samarkand and returned to Punjab after Timur's death. Rise to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jonaraja
Jonaraja (died A.D. 1459) was a Kashmiri historian and Sanskrit poet. His ' is a continuation of Kalhana's ' and brings the chronicle of the kings of Kashmir down to the time of the author's patron Zain-ul-Abidin (r. 1418–1419 and 1420–1470). Jonaraja, however, could not complete the history of the patron as he died in the 35th regnal year. His pupil, continued the history and his work, the ', covers the period 1459–86.Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.466 In his ', Jonaraja has vividly described the decline of the Hindu ruling dynasty and the rise of the Muslim ruling dynasty in Kashmir. He coined the word "Jati Vidhvansh" which means Genocide. References Bibliography * ''Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148‒1459); From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-‛Ābidīn.'' Critically Edited by Walter Slaje Walter Slaje (born 17 June 1954 in Graz) is an Austrian Indologist Indology, also known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shrivara
Shrivara rīvara(15th century) wrote a work on the history of Kashmir that adds to the previous works of Kalhana and Jonaraja Jonaraja (died A.D. 1459) was a Kashmiri historian and Sanskrit poet. His ' is a continuation of Kalhana's ' and brings the chronicle of the kings of Kashmir down to the time of the author's patron Zain-ul-Abidin (r. 1418–1419 and 1420–1470 ..., thereby providing an update of the history of Kashmir till 1486 CE. Śrīvara served at the courts of the four Šāhmīrī Sulṭāns Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, Ḥaydar Šāh, Ḥasan Šāh and Maḥmūd Šāh until 1486, when Fatḥ Šāh took power for the first time. Holding this office since 1459, Śrīvara concentrated on writing the history he had personally witnessed. Unlike his predecessors Kalhaṇa and Jonarāja, who had completed the history of Kashmir in retrospect and continued it up to their respective times, Śrīvara, as a contemporary historian, was left with only occasional retrospective ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ladakh
Ladakh () is a region administered by India as a union territory which constitutes a part of the larger Kashmir region and has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947. (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. From 1947 to 2019, Ladakh was part of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947." Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." Ladakh is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east, the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh to the south, both the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir and the Pakistan-administ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sati (practice)
Sati or suttee is a Hindu practice, now largely historical, in which a widow sacrifices herself by sitting atop her deceased husband's funeral pyre. Quote: Between 1943 and 1987, some thirty women in Rajasthan (twenty-eight, according to official statistics) immolated themselves on their husband's funeral pyre. This figure probably falls short of the actual number. (p. 182) Although it is debated whether it received scriptural mention in early Hinduism, it has been linked to related Hindu practices in the Indo-Aryan speaking regions of India which diminished the rights of women, especially those to the inheritance of property. A cold form of sati, or the neglect and casting out of Hindu widows has been prevalent in India from ancient times. Quote: Sati is a particularly relevant social practice because it is often used as a means to prevent inheritance of property by widows. In parallel, widows are also sometimes branded as witches – and subjected to violent expulsion fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ohind
Attock Khurd ( ur, ; ''"''Little Attock''"'') is a small town located beside the Indus River in the Attock District of Punjab Province in Pakistan. Khurd and Kalan are Persian words, themselves derived from Sanskrit (''Kshudra'' means "small" in Sanskrit: "ksh" becomes "kha" in Prakrit) words, which means small and big respectively. When two villages have the same name, they are distinguished as Kalan and Khurd with the villages' names. Historically and strategically, Attock Khurd is considered the gateway to Central Asia, since it is near the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa border. History Ancient history Attock Khurd (the old city) has a rich history and was of special importance to the entire Indian subcontinent. The great grammarian Pāṇini, who wrote the Aṣṭādhyāyī, the oldest surviving Sanskrit grammar, is said in some historical sources to have been born in 520 BCE near Attock in Salatura, modern Lahur, on the right bank of the Indus River in the ancient Kambojan/Gandh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age. Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism, the language of classical Hindu philosophy, and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism. It was a link language in ancient and medieval South Asia, and upon transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia, East Asia and Central Asia in the early medieval era, it became a language of religion and high culture, and of the political elites in some of these regions. As a result, Sanskrit had a lasting impact on the languages of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, especially in their formal and learned vocabularies. Sanskrit generally connotes several Old Indo-Aryan language varieties. The most archaic of these is the Vedic Sanskrit found in the Rig Veda, a colle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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