Vigilantes In Iran
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Vigilantes In Iran
Vigilantes or Plainclothesmen (''Lebas-shakhsi'') in the Islamic Republic of Iran have been called "a prominent part" of the "crackdowns" by the regime on the repeated political protests during the twenty first century in Iran. Men wearing street clothes who appear to be unexceptional civilians but beat protesters, have been called "arguably the most feared and hated" of the forces deployed by the government against protesters. Vigilantes/plainclothesmen have been described as a "third" strand in Iran's political system (the first being the formal government of president, parliament, etc., and the second being the "revolutionary institutions" of the Supreme Leader, etc.); and as operatives in "an informal but highly organized network of volunteers" that are a "powerful tool" for suppressing dissent with "both a strong ideological and financial interest in maintaining the status quo in Iran". Attacks by the vigilantes are often in tandem with police. While often more brutal than t ...
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Ansar-e Hezbollah
Ansar-e Hezbollah''CIA - The World Factbook''
see the "Government" section, "Political pressure groups and leaders" subsection in the 2006 version
() is a organization in .Iran's Ev ...
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Ali Khamenei
Ali Hosseini Khamenei (; born 19 April 1939) is an Iranian cleric and politician who has served as the second supreme leader of Iran since 1989. He previously served as the third President of Iran, president from 1981 to 1989. Khamenei's tenure as Supreme Leader, spanning over years, makes him the longest-serving head of state in the Middle East and the second-longest-serving Iranian leader of the 20th and 21st centuries, after Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. A Grand Ayatollah and , he is often associated with leading the Axis of Resistance, a term used to describe a coalition of Iran-aligned groups in the Middle East. According to his official website, Khamenei was arrested six times before being exiled for three years during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In June 1981, after the Iranian revolution and the overthrow of the shah, he was the target of an Attempted assassination of Ali Khamenei, attempted assassination that paralysed his right arm. Khamenei was one of Iran's lea ...
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Guardianship Of The Islamic Jurist
The Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (, also ''Velayat-e Faghih''; ) is a concept in Twelver Shia Islamic law which holds that until the reappearance of the "infallible Imam" (sometime before Judgement Day), the religious and social affairs of the Muslim world should be administered by righteous Shi'i jurists ('' Faqīh''). The nature of these affairs is disputed. Wilāyat al-Faqīh is associated in particular with Ruhollah Khomeini and the Islamic Republic of Iran. In a series of lectures in 1970, Khomeini advanced the idea of guardianship in its "absolute" form as rule of the state and society. This version of guardianship now forms the basis of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which calls for a Guardian Jurist (''Vali-ye Faqih'', ), to serve as the Supreme Leader of that country. Currently, this role is held by Ayatollah Khamenei. Under the "absolute authority of the jurist" (''Velayat-e Motlaqaye Faqih''), the jurist/faqih has control over all pu ...
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Amir Farshad Ebrahimi
Amir Farshad Ebrahimi () (born August 14, 1975) is a founding and former member of hard-line pressure group Ansar-e Hezbollah, a former member of the Basij militia, and an Iranian journalist. Quitting Ansar-e Hezbollah after its involvement in the attack on students in 1999, he was imprisoned in Iran, fled to Turkey and then Germany, where as of 2009 he worked to publicly identify members of plain-clothed men who beat up Iranian protesters of the disputed election. Biography Ebrahimi states that in 1988, when he only just 13 years old, he forged an ID and volunteered to fight in the Iran–Iraq War. After the war, believing their sacrifice had given them the right to make "some demands", he and other veterans founded the Ansar-e Hezbollah (Supporters of the Party of God), to serve as guardians of the Islamic revolution, defending it from corruption and Western influence. He rose through the ranks of the organization and became the managing editor of the group's newspaper, '' ...
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Hirabah
In Islamic law, ''Ḥirābah'' () is a legal category that comprises highway robbery (traditionally understood as aggravated robbery or grand larceny, unlike theft, which has a different punishment), rape, and terrorism. Ḥirābah means piracy or unlawful warfare. It comes from the triliteral root ''ḥrb'', which means “to become angry and enraged”. The noun ''ḥarb'' (, pl. ''ḥurūb'' ) means 'war' or 'wars'. Crane, Robert D., Hirabah versus Jihad, ''IFRI.org'' (Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc., 2006) ''Moharebeh'' (also spelled ''muharebeh'') is a Persian language term that is treated as interchangeable with ''ḥirabah'' in Arabic lexicons. The related term ''muḥārib'' () has been translated by English-language Iranian media as "enemy of God". In English-language media sources, moḥarebeh in Iran has been translated variously as "waging war against God," "war against God and the state,"
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Tehran University
The University of Tehran (UT) or Tehran University (, ) is a public collegiate university in Iran, and the oldest and most prominent Iranian university located in Tehran. Based on its historical, socio-cultural, and political pedigree, as well as its research and teaching profile, UT has been nicknamed "Mother University" (, ). It is also the premier knowledge producing institute among all OIC countries. The university offers more than 111 bachelor's degree programs, 177 master's degree programs, and 156 PhD. programs. Many of the departments were absorbed into the University of Tehran from the Dar al-Funun established in 1851 and the Tehran School of Political Sciences established in 1899. The main campus of the university is located in the central part of the city. However, other campuses are spread across the city as well as in the suburbs such as the Baghe Negarestan Campus at the central eastern part of the city, the Northern Amirabad Campuses at the central western par ...
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Ahmad Khatami
Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami (, born 8 May 1960) is a senior and prominent Iranian Muslim cleric, member of Guardian Council and a senior member of the Assembly of Experts. In December 2005, Ali Khamenei appointed him as Tehran’s substitute Friday prayer leader. He is also a conservative and principlist politician. Biography He was born in Semnan, Imperial State of Iran. He studied at seminaries in Qom and Semnan. He is not related to Mohammad Khatami and his family members. Controversy In 2006, during the Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy, Khatami asked the Pope to "fall on his knees in front of a senior Muslim cleric and try to understand Islam." In 2007, he addressed the death sentence issued by Imam Khomeini against Salman Rushdie, saying "In the Islamic Iran that revolutionary ''fatwa'' of Imam homeiniis still alive and cannot be changed." In regard to the 2009 Iranian election protests, Khatami denounced demonstrators as rioters who wage war against God ("'' m ...
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Hijab
Hijab (, ) refers to head coverings worn by Women in Islam, Muslim women. Similar to the mitpaḥat/tichel or Snood (headgear), snood worn by religious married Jewish women, certain Christian head covering, headcoverings worn by some Christian women, such as the hanging veil, apostolnik and Kapp (headcovering), kapp, and the dupatta favored by many Hindus, Hindu and Sikhs, Sikh women, the hijab comes in various forms. The term describes a scarf that is wrapped around the head, covering the hair, neck, and ears while leaving the face visible. The use of the hijab has grown globally since the 1970s, with many Muslims viewing it as a symbol of modesty and faith; it is also worn as a form of adornment. There is consensus among Islamic religious scholars that covering the head is required. In practice, most Muslim women choose to wear it. The term was originally used to denote a partition and was sometimes used for Haya (Islam), Islamic rules of modesty. In the verses of the Qur'an, ...
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Ramsar, Iran
Ramsar () is a city in the Central District of Ramsar County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. History In 1971, Ramsar hosted the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, also known as the Convention on Wetlands. This international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of designated wetlands (which under the treaty are known as Ramsar sites) was signed in and named after the city of Ramsar. Overview Ramsar lies on the Caspian Sea. It was also known as Sakhtsar in the past. The climate of Ramsar is hot and humid in summer and mild in winter. The proximity of the forest and the sea in this city attracts tourists in all seasons. Ramsar has an airport. The city of Ramsar was a small village in western Mazandaran until the Qajar period, and during the first Pahlavi period, with the rule of Reza Shah and with the support of the government, it became a city with many tourist facilities. Ramsar is the we ...
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Chador
A chādor ( Persian, ), also variously spelled in English as chadah, chad(d)ar, chader, chud(d)ah, chadur, and naturalized as , is an outer garment or open cloak worn by many women in the Persian-influenced countries of Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, and to a lesser extent Tajikistan, as well as in Shia communities in Iraq, Bahrain, Lebanon, India and Qatif in Saudi Arabia in public spaces or outdoors. A chador is a full-body-length semicircle of fabric that is open down the front. The garment is pulled over the head, and is held closed at the front by the wearer; the chador has no hand openings, buttons, or clasps. It may also be held closed by being tucked under the wearer's arms. The word in Classical Persian could be used in reference to almost any cloth, headscarf, or even tents. This definition is mostly retained in the Eastern Persian varieties Tajiki and Dari, which commonly use reflexes of ''chādar'' in reference to almost any cloth or scarf, including loosel ...
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Mahsa Amini Protests
Civil unrest and protests against the Government of Iran, government of the Islamic Republic of Iran associated with the Death in custody, death in police custody of Death of Mahsa Amini#Victim, Mahsa Amini () began on 16 September 2022 and carried on into 2023, but were said to have "dwindled" or "died down" by spring of 2023. As of September 2023, the "ruling elite" of Iran was said to remain "deeply entrenched" in power. The protests were described as "unlike any the country had seen before", the "biggest challenge" to the government, and "most widespread revolt", since the Iranian Revolution, Islamic Revolution in 1979. Mahsa Amini was arrested by the Guidance Patrol on 13 September 2022 for allegedly violating Iran's Hijab by country#Iran, mandatory hijab law by wearing her hijab "improperly" while visiting Tehran from Saqqez. According to eyewitnesses, she was severely beaten by Guidance Patrol officers (this was denied by Iranian authorities). She subsequently collapsed, ...
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Azadeh Moaveni
Azadeh Moaveni (Persian: آزاده معاونى, born 1976) is an Iranian-American writer, journalist, and academic. She is the former director of the Gender and Conflict Program at the International Crisis Group, and is Associate Professor of Journalism at New York University's Arthur L. Carter Institute of Journalism. She is the author of four books, including the bestselling '' Lipstick Jihad'' and ''Guest House for Young Widows'', which was shortlisted for numerous prizes. She contributes to ''The New York Times'', ''The Guardian'', and ''The London Review of Books''. Education Moaveni was born in Palo Alto, California, to Iranian parents, who left Iran before the 1979 revolution. She was educated at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where she studied politics and history. At Oakes College, the center of the university's History of Consciousness program, she ran programming at Bayit Elie Wiesel, and served as editor-in-chief of the university's newspaper, ''City o ...
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