|
United States V. Neil Scott Kramer
''United States v. Neil Scott Kramer'', 631 F.3d 900 (8th Cir. 2011), is a court case where a Motorola RAZR cellphone was used to coerce a minor into engaging in sex with an adult. Central to the case was whether a cellphone constituted a computer device. Under United States law, specifically U.S.S.G.§ 2G1.3(b)(3), the use of computers to persuade minors for illicit ends carriers extra legal ramifications. The opinion written by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit begins by citing Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak's musing that "Everything has a computer in it nowadays." Ultimately, the court found that a cell phone can be considered a computer if "the phone perform arithmetic, logical, and storage functions," paving the way for harsher consequences for criminals engaging with minors over cellphones. Background In April, 2008, a 15-year-old female Missouri resident inadvertently sent a text message to Kramer, an adult in Louisiana. Kramer replied to the mess ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roger Leland Wollman
Roger Leland Wollman (born May 29, 1934) is a senior United States Circuit Judge and former Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. He is the older brother of Harvey Wollman, former Governor of South Dakota. Early life and education Born in Frankfort, South Dakota, Roger's parents were Edwin J. Wollman (1907–1981) and Katherine (Kleinsasser) Wollman (1905–2002). His ancestors were ethnic Germans living in Russia and Wollman grew up Mennonite. He attended Doland High School. Wollman received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Tabor College in 1957. He was in the United States Army from 1957 to 1959. He then attended the University of South Dakota School of Law, graduating magna cum laude in 1962 with a Juris Doctor. In 1964, he received a Master of Laws from Harvard Law School. Early career Wollman began his career as a judicial law clerk to Judge George T. Mickelson of the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kermit Edward Bye
Kermit Edward Bye (January 13, 1937 – March 20, 2021) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. Early life and education Born in Hatton, North Dakota, Bye earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of North Dakota in 1959 and a Juris Doctor in 1962 from the University of North Dakota School of Law. Professional career After completing law school, Bye worked as deputy state securities commissioner in North Dakota from 1962 until 1964 and as a special assistant attorney general in North Dakota from 1964 until 1966. He then was an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of North Dakota from 1966 until 1968. Bye joined the Vogel law firm in Fargo, North Dakota, in 1968, and practiced at that firm until his judicial confirmation in 2000. Federal judicial service President Bill Clinton nominated Bye to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit on April 22, 1999, to fill a vacancy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bobby Shepherd
Bobby Ed Shepherd (born November 18, 1951) is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. He maintains chambers in El Dorado, the seat of Union County in south Arkansas. Education Shepherd received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Ouachita Baptist University in Arkadelphia in 1973. He received his Juris Doctor from the University of Arkansas School of Law in Fayetteville in 1975. Career Shepherd was a United States magistrate judge for the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas from 1993 until he joined the Eighth Circuit. His appointment was only the second time ever a sitting magistrate judge had been elevated directly to a federal court of appeals. From 1991 to 1993, Shepherd was an Arkansas state trial judge for the 13th Judicial Circuit, in the southern end of the state. Previously, Shepherd had been in private practice as an attorney in Arkansas from 1976 to 1990. Federal judicial service She ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minor (law)
In law, a minor is someone under a certain age, usually the age of majority, which demarcates an underage individual from legal adulthood. The age of majority depends upon Jurisdiction (area), jurisdiction and application, but it is commonly 18. ''Minor'' may also be used in contexts that are unconnected to the overall age of majority. For example, the smoking age, smoking and legal drinking age, drinking age in the United States is 21, and younger people below this age are sometimes called ''minors'' in the context of tobacco and alcohol law, even if they are at least 18. The terms underage or ''minor'' often refer to those under the age of majority, but may also refer to a person under other legal age limits, such as the age of consent, marriageable age, driving age, voting age, Legal working age, working age, etc. Such age limits are often different from the age of majority. The concept of ''minor'' is not sharply defined in most jurisdictions. The age of criminal responsibi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Court Of Appeals For The Eighth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (in case citations, 8th Cir.) is a United States federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the following United States district courts: * Eastern District of Arkansas * Western District of Arkansas * Northern District of Iowa * Southern District of Iowa * District of Minnesota * Eastern District of Missouri * Western District of Missouri * District of Nebraska * District of North Dakota * District of South Dakota The court is composed of 11 active judges and is based primarily at the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse in St. Louis, Missouri, and secondarily at the Warren E. Burger United States Courthouse in St. Paul, Minnesota. It is one of 13 United States courts of appeals. In 1929, Congress passed a statute dividing the Eighth Circuit that placed Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Missouri, and Arkansas in the Eighth Circuit and created a Tenth Circuit that included ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apple Inc
Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, in Silicon Valley. It is best known for its consumer electronics, software, and services. Founded in 1976 as Apple Computer Company by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, the company was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. the following year. It was renamed Apple Inc. in 2007 as the company had expanded its focus from computers to consumer electronics. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue, with billion in the 2024 fiscal year. The company was founded to produce and market Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. Its second computer, the Apple II, became a best seller as one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple introduced the Lisa in 1983 and the Macintosh in 1984, as some of the first computers to use a graphical user interface and a mouse. By 1985, internal company problems led to Jobs leavin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steve Wozniak
Stephen Gary Wozniak (; born August 11, 1950), also known by his nickname Woz, is an American technology entrepreneur, electrical engineer, computer programmer, philanthropist, and inventor. In 1976, he co-founded Apple Inc., Apple Computer with his early business partner Steve Jobs. Through his work at Apple in the 1970s and 1980s, he is widely recognized as one of the most prominent pioneers of the personal computer revolution. In 1975, Wozniak started developing the Apple I, Apple I into the computer that launched Apple when he and Jobs first began marketing it the following year. He was the primary designer of the Apple II (1977 computer), Apple II, introduced in 1977, known as one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputers, while Jobs oversaw the development of its foam-molded plastic case and early Apple employee Rod Holt developed its switched-mode power supply, switching power supply. With human–computer interface expert Jef Raskin, Wozniak had a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Willow Springs, Missouri
Willow Springs is a city in Howell County, Missouri, in the Ozark Mountains of the United States. The population was 2,164 at the 2020 census. History Willow Springs was so named from its position at the site of a spring, surrounded by willows. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The community is located on Route 137, east of concurrent U.S. Routes 60 and 63. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 2,184 people, 925 households, and 564 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 1,082 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.11% White, 0.14% Black or African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.73% Asian, 0.46% from other races, and 2.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.06% of the population. There were 925 households, of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 livin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Violet, Louisiana
Violet is a census-designated place (CDP) in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 5,758 at the 2020 census. Violet is located on the east bank of the Mississippi River, approximately southeast of New Orleans and is part of the New Orleans– Metairie–Kenner metropolitan statistical area. History The area now known as Violet was originally part of the Livaudais Plantation. Violet sprang up after the development of the Violet Canal. It was named by canal booster Albert Covington Janin, after his wife Violet Blair Janin, a Washington, D.C. socialite and part of the influential Blair family for whom the Blair House across from the White House in Washington D.C. is named. Albert Janin spent his youth in St. Bernard Parish in the large Janin family home. His father, Louis Janin, Sr., a prominent lawyer who had immigrated from France to New Orleans in 1828, sent his sons to Europe for their education, including Albert. Albert was a partner wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poydras, Louisiana
Poydras is a census-designated place (CDP) in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 3,886 at the 2000 census and 2,536 in 2020. It is part of the New Orleans– Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area. Poydras is on the East Bank of the Mississippi River, just upriver from the Plaquemines Parish line. History Poydras was first settled in the 18th century by Isleños when Louisiana was a Spanish colony. Presumably, the town is named for Julien Poydras. Albert Estopinal, Jr., a St. Bernard Parish district attorney, judge, and sheriff, was born in Poydras in 1869 to later U.S. Representative, Albert Estopinal, Sr. The locally constructed levee failed during the 1922 flood and the community of Poydras was destroyed. Some historians claim that the levee break was intentional to save the City of New Orleans. The New Orleans river stage dropped .2 foot within 24 hours of the Poydras crevasse and a sound levee had been inspected and re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Fraud And Abuse Act
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (CFAA) is a United States cybersecurity bill that was enacted in 1986 as an amendment to existing computer fraud law (), which had been included in the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984. Prior to computer-specific criminal laws, computer crimes were prosecuted as mail and wire fraud, but the applying law was often insufficient. The original 1984 bill was enacted in response to concern that computer-related crimes might go unpunished. The House Committee Report to the original computer crime bill included a statement by a representative of GTE-owned Telenet that characterized the 1983 techno-thriller film '' WarGames''—in which a young teenager (played by Matthew Broderick) from Seattle breaks into a U.S. military supercomputer programmed to predict possible outcomes of nuclear war and unwittingly almost starts World War III—as "a realistic representation of the automatic dialing and access capabilities of the personal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Sentencing Commission
The United States Sentencing Commission is an independent agency of the judicial branch of the U.S. federal government. It is responsible for articulating the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines for the federal courts. The Commission promulgates the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, which replaced the prior system of indeterminate sentencing that allowed trial judges to give sentences ranging from probation to the maximum statutory punishment for the offense. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The commission was created by the Sentencing Reform Act provisions of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984. The constitutionality of the commission was challenged as a congressional encroachment on the power of the executive but upheld by the Supreme Court in '' Mistretta v. United States'', . The U.S. Sentencing Commission was established by Congress as a permanent, independent agency within the judicial branch. The seven members of the Commission are appointed by the Pres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
