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Tychonoff Fixed-point Theorem
In mathematics, a number of fixed-point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces generalise the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. They have applications, for example, to the proof of existence theorems for partial differential equations. The first result in the field was the Schauder fixed-point theorem, proved in 1930 by Juliusz Schauder (a previous result in a different vein, the Banach fixed-point theorem for contraction mappings in complete metric spaces was proved in 1922). Quite a number of further results followed. One way in which fixed-point theorems of this kind have had a larger influence on mathematics as a whole has been that one approach is to try to carry over methods of algebraic topology, first proved for finite simplicial complexes, to spaces of infinite dimension. For example, the research of Jean Leray who founded sheaf theory came out of efforts to extend Schauder's work. Schauder fixed-point theorem: Let ''C'' be a nonempty closed convex subset of a Banach sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convex Set
In geometry, a subset of a Euclidean space, or more generally an affine space over the reals, is convex if, given any two points in the subset, the subset contains the whole line segment that joins them. Equivalently, a convex set or a convex region is a subset that intersects every line into a single line segment (possibly empty). For example, a solid cube is a convex set, but anything that is hollow or has an indent, for example, a crescent shape, is not convex. The boundary of a convex set is always a convex curve. The intersection of all the convex sets that contain a given subset of Euclidean space is called the convex hull of . It is the smallest convex set containing . A convex function is a real-valued function defined on an interval with the property that its epigraph (the set of points on or above the graph of the function) is a convex set. Convex minimization is a subfield of optimization that studies the problem of minimizing convex functions over convex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brailey Sims
Brailey Sims (born 26 October 1947) is an Australian mathematician born and educated in Newcastle, New South Wales. He received his BSc from the University of New South Wales in 1969 and, under the supervision of J. R. Giles, a PhD from the same university in 1972. He was on the faculty of the University of New England (Australia) from 1972 to 1989. In 1990 he took up an appointment at the University of Newcastle (Australia). where he was Head of Mathematics from 1997 to 2000. He is best known for his work in nonlinear analysis and especially metric fixed point theory and its connections with Banach and metric space geometry, and for his efforts to promote and enhance mathematics at the secondary and tertiary level. Publications His most cited publications are: *Mustafa Z, Sims B. A new approach to generalized metric spaces. ''Journal of Nonlinear and convex Analysis''. 2006 Jan 1;7(2):289. According to Google Scholar Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Dugundji
James Dugundji (August 30, 1919 – January 8, 1985) was an American mathematician, a professor of mathematics at the University of Southern California.. See in particulap. 244for a brief biography of Dugundji.Note about the life and work of Dugundji by Andrzej Granas in their book ''Fixed Point Theory'', Springer, 2005. Reprinted in , p. 9. Dugundji's parents emigrated from to , where Dugundji was born in 1919. He studied at |
Topological Degree Theory
In mathematics, topological degree theory is a generalization of the winding number of a curve in the complex plane. It can be used to estimate the number of solutions of an equation, and is closely connected to fixed-point theory. When one solution of an equation is easily found, degree theory can often be used to prove existence of a second, nontrivial, solution. There are different types of degree for different types of maps: e.g. for maps between Banach spaces there is the Brouwer degree in R''n'', the Leray-Schauder degree for compact mappings in normed spaces, the coincidence degree and various other types. There is also a degree for continuous maps between manifolds. Topological degree theory has applications in complementarity problems, differential equations, differential inclusions and dynamical system In mathematics, a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in an ambient space. Examples include the mathe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kakutani Fixed-point Theorem
In mathematical analysis, the Kakutani fixed-point theorem is a fixed-point theorem for set-valued functions. It provides sufficient conditions for a set-valued function defined on a convex set, convex, compact set, compact subset of a Euclidean space to have a fixed point (mathematics), fixed point, i.e. a point which is map (mathematics), mapped to a set containing it. The Kakutani fixed point theorem is a generalization of the Brouwer fixed point theorem. The Brouwer fixed point theorem is a fundamental result in topology which proves the existence of fixed points for continuous function (topology), continuous functions defined on compact, convex subsets of Euclidean spaces. Kakutani's theorem extends this to set-valued functions. The theorem was developed by Shizuo Kakutani in 1941, and was used by John Forbes Nash, Jr., John Nash in his description of Nash equilibrium, Nash equilibria. It has subsequently found widespread application in game theory and economics. Statement K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Earle–Hamilton Fixed-point Theorem
In mathematics, the Earle–Hamilton fixed point theorem is a result in geometric function theory giving sufficient conditions for a holomorphic mapping of an open domain in a complex Banach space into itself to have a fixed point. The result was proved in 1968 by Clifford Earle and Richard S. Hamilton by showing that, with respect to the Carathéodory metric on the domain, the holomorphic mapping becomes a contraction mapping to which the Banach fixed-point theorem can be applied. Statement Let ''D'' be a connected open subset of a complex Banach space ''X'' and let ''f'' be a holomorphic mapping of ''D'' into itself such that: *the image ''f''(''D'') is bounded in norm; *the distance between points ''f''(''D'') and points in the exterior of ''D'' is bounded below by a positive constant. Then the mapping ''f'' has a unique fixed point ''x'' in ''D'' and if ''y'' is any point in ''D'', the iterates ''f''''n''(''y'') converge to ''x''. Proof Replacing ''D'' by an ε-neighbour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ryll-Nardzewski Fixed-point Theorem
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Ryll-Nardzewski fixed-point theorem states that if E is a normed vector space and K is a nonempty convex subset of E that is compact under the weak topology, then every group (or equivalently: every semigroup) of affine isometries of K has at least one fixed point. (Here, a ''fixed point'' of a set of maps is a point that is fixed by each map in the set.) This theorem was announced by Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski. Later Namioka and Asplund gave a proof based on a different approach. Ryll-Nardzewski himself gave a complete proof in the original spirit. Applications The Ryll-Nardzewski theorem yields the existence of a Haar measure on compact groups. See also * Fixed-point theorems * Fixed-point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces * Markov-Kakutani fixed-point theorem - abelian semigroup of continuous affine self-maps on compact convex set in a topological vector space has a fixed point References * Andrzej Granas and James Du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Markov–Kakutani Fixed-point Theorem
In mathematics, the Markov–Kakutani fixed-point theorem, named after Andrey Markov and Shizuo Kakutani, states that a commuting family of continuous affine self-mappings of a compact convex subset in a locally convex topological vector space has a common fixed point. This theorem is a key tool in one of the quickest proofs of amenability of abelian groups. Statement Let ''E'' be a locally convex topological vector space. Let ''C'' be a compact convex subset of ''E''. Let ''S'' be a commuting family of self-mappings ''T'' of ''C'' which are continuous and affine, i.e. ''T''(''tx'' +(1 – ''t'')''y'') = ''tT''(''x'') + (1 – ''t'')''T''(''y'') for ''t'' in ,1and ''x'', ''y'' in ''C''. Then the mappings have a common fixed point in ''C''. Proof for a single affine self-mapping Let ''T'' be a continuous affine self-mapping of ''C''. For ''x'' in ''C'' define other elements of ''C'' by : x(N)=\sum_^N T^n(x). Since ''C'' is compac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uniformly Convex Banach Space
In mathematics, uniformly convex spaces (or uniformly rotund spaces) are common examples of reflexive Banach spaces. The concept of uniform convexity was first introduced by James A. Clarkson in 1936. Definition A uniformly convex space is a normed vector space such that, for every 00 such that for any two vectors with \, x\, = 1 and \, y\, = 1, the condition :\, x-y\, \geq\varepsilon implies that: :\left\, \frac\right\, \leq 1-\delta. Intuitively, the center of a line segment inside the unit ball must lie deep inside the unit ball unless the segment is short. Properties * The unit sphere can be replaced with the closed unit ball in the definition. Namely, a normed vector space X is uniformly convex if and only if for every 00 so that, for any two vectors x and y in the closed unit ball (i.e. \, x\, \le 1 and \, y\, \le 1 ) with \, x-y\, \ge \varepsilon , one has \left\, \right\, \le 1-\delta (note that, given \varepsilon , the corresponding value ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Locally Convex Topological Vector Space
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, locally convex topological vector spaces (LCTVS) or locally convex spaces are examples of topological vector spaces (TVS) that generalize normed spaces. They can be defined as topological vector spaces whose topology is generated by translations of balanced, absorbent, convex sets. Alternatively they can be defined as a vector space with a family of seminorms, and a topology can be defined in terms of that family. Although in general such spaces are not necessarily normable, the existence of a convex local base for the zero vector is strong enough for the Hahn–Banach theorem to hold, yielding a sufficiently rich theory of continuous linear functionals. Fréchet spaces are locally convex spaces that are completely metrizable (with a choice of complete metric). They are generalizations of Banach spaces, which are complete vector spaces with respect to a metric generated by a norm. History Metrizable topologies on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Compact Set
In mathematics, specifically general topology, compactness is a property that seeks to generalize the notion of a closed and bounded subset of Euclidean space by making precise the idea of a space having no "punctures" or "missing endpoints", i.e. that the space not exclude any ''limiting values'' of points. For example, the open interval (0,1) would not be compact because it excludes the limiting values of 0 and 1, whereas the closed interval ,1would be compact. Similarly, the space of rational numbers \mathbb is not compact, because it has infinitely many "punctures" corresponding to the irrational numbers, and the space of real numbers \mathbb is not compact either, because it excludes the two limiting values +\infty and -\infty. However, the ''extended'' real number line ''would'' be compact, since it contains both infinities. There are many ways to make this heuristic notion precise. These ways usually agree in a metric space, but may not be equivalent in other topologic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
