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Tuberculosis Vaccines
Tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are vaccinations intended for the prevention of tuberculosis. Immunotherapy as a defence against TB was first proposed in 1890 by Robert Koch. As of 2021, the only effective tuberculosis vaccine in common use is the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, first used on humans in 1921. It consists of attenuated (weakened) strains of the cattle tuberculosis bacillus. It is recommended for babies in countries where tuberculosis is common. About three out of every 10,000 people who get the vaccine experience side effects, which are usually minor except in severely immuno-depressed individuals. While BCG immunization provides fairly effective protection for infants and young children (including defence against TB meningitis and miliary TB), its efficacy in adults is variable, ranging from 0% to 80%. Several variables have been considered as responsible for the varying outcomes. Demand for TB immunotherapy advancement exists because the disease has bec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative
The Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI) is a Product Development Partnership (PDP) that facilitates the discovery, development and delivery of safe, effective and affordable tuberculosi(TB) vaccines TBVI was established as a non-profit foundation in 2008 and is based in The Netherlands. Governance The highest decision-making body of TBVI is its Governance Board, which helps direct strategic planning, and oversees the organisation´s operational effectiveness and financial performance. The Chair of TBVI’s Governance Board is Prof. Michel Kazatchkine, a French physician, diplomat and former director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The Governance Board is supported by an Advisory Committee, which provides advice on strategic and scientific issues related to R&D, resource mobilisation and external relations. TBVI’s operations are headed by the Executive Director who is responsible for the implementation of TBVI’s activitie,. Since March 2024, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's Adaptive immune system, adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the Eradication of infectious diseases, worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of diseases such as polio and tetanus from much of the world. According to the World Health Organization ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (M. tb), also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis. First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, ''M. tuberculosis'' has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, ''M. tuberculosis'' can appear weakly Gram-positive. Acid-fastness, Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl–Neelsen stain, Ziehl–Neelsen, or Fluorescence, fluorescent stains such as Auramine O, auramine are used instead to identify ''M. tuberculosis'' with a microscope. The physiology of ''M. tuberculosis'' is highly aerobic organism, aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the Mantoux test, tuberculin skin test, Acid-Fast Stain, aci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intravenous Injection
Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due to reduced mental states or otherwise—consume food or water by mouth. It may also be used to administer medications or other medical therapy such as blood products or electrolytes to correct electrolyte imbalances. Attempts at providing intravenous therapy have been recorded as early as the 1400s, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1900s after the development of techniques for safe, effective use. The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and fluid replacement throughout the body as they are introduced directly into the circulatory system and thus quickly distributed. For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is also used for the consump ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intradermal Injection
Intradermal injection (also intracutaneous or intradermic, abbreviated as ID) is a shallow or superficial injection of a substance into the dermis, which is located between the epidermis and the hypodermis. For certain substances, administration via an ID route can result in a faster systemic uptake compared with subcutaneous injections, leading to a stronger immune response to vaccinations, immunology and novel cancer treatments, and faster drug uptake. Additionally, since administration is closer to the surface of the skin, the body's reaction to substances is more easily visible. However, due to complexity of the procedure compared to subcutaneous injection and intramuscular injection, administration via ID is relatively rare, and is only used for tuberculosis and allergy tests, monkeypox vaccination, and certain therapies. Vaccine dose sparing For vaccination many clinical studies have proven efficacy of ID administration over subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM) or other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adjuvant
In pharmacology, an adjuvant is a drug or other substance, or a combination of substances, that is used to increase the efficacy or potency of certain drugs. Specifically, the term can refer to: * Adjuvant therapy in cancer management * Analgesic adjuvant in pain management * Immunologic adjuvant In immunology, an adjuvant is a substance that increases or modulates the immune response to a vaccine. The word "adjuvant" comes from the Latin word , meaning to help or aid. "An immunologic adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to acce ... in vaccines {{sia Adjuvants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
M72/AS01E
M72/AS01E is an experimental tuberculosis vaccine. If approved, it would be the first vaccine for tuberculosis in more than a century after the BCG vaccine. The vaccine consists of two main ingredients. The antigen part is M72, a recombinant fusion protein derived from the sequences of two ''M. tuberculosis'' antigens (Mtb32A and Mtb39A ). The adjuvant part is AS01E, a combination of QS-21, cholesterol, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). It was initially developed by GSK plc and funded by non-profits and governments due to the limited commercial potential of tuberculosis vaccines, which are mainly needed in poor countries. The vaccine candidate completed a Phase II clinical trial in 2018, but its development was stalled thereafter due to negotiations between GSK, which was uninterested in the late stage development of the vaccine candidate, and non-commercial backers. After almost two years, the company concluded an agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Ins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MTBVAC
MTBVAC is a candidate vaccine against tuberculosis in humans currently in clinical trials. It is based on a genetically modified form of the ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' pathogen isolated from humans. Unlike the BCG vaccine, MTBVAC contains all the antigens present in the strains that infect humans. Development and manufacturing The vaccine was constructed at the University of Zaragoza in the laboratory of the Mycobacterial Genetics group, in collaboration with Dr. Brigitte Gicquel of the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Currently, the University of Zaragoza has an industrial partner: the Spanish biotechnology company BIOFABRI, belonging to ZENDAL group, responsible for the industrial and clinical development of MTBVAC, studying its immunity and safety in two Phase IIa trials in newborn babies and adults in South Africa. For the Clinical Development of MTBVAC, the tuberculosis vaccine project enjoys the advice and support of the European TBVI (since 2008) and since 2016, of IAVI fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as inactive or latent tuberculosis. A small proportion of latent infections progress to active disease that, if left untreated, can be fatal. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with hemoptysis, blood-containing sputum, mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms. Tuberculosis is Human-to-human transmission, spread from one person to the next Airborne disease, through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. A latent infection is more likely to become active in those with weakened I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RBCG30
rBCG30 (recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin 30) is a prospective Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine against tuberculosis. It is a live vaccine, consisting of BCG, which has been evaluated as a tuberculosis vaccination. It is genetically modified to produce abundant amounts of mycolyl transferase, a 30kDa antigen (Antigen 85B) that has been shown to produce a strong immune response in animals and humans. rBCG30 had been in human clinical trials, but no clinical development has been reported since 2007. History Trials with rBCG30 were halted as the vaccine contained an antibiotic resistance gene. A new version of the vaccine without the antibiotic resistance marker was created. This new version of the vaccine, rBCG30-ARMF-II, often called rBCG30, also expresses 2.6 fold more Ag85B than the original vaccine. Research The vaccine completed a Phase I double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial that demonstrated that rBCG30 was safe and immunogenic; during nine months o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Vector Vaccine
A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material (DNA) that can be transcribed by the recipient's host cells as mRNA coding for a desired protein, or antigen, to elicit an immune response. , six viral vector vaccines, four COVID-19 vaccines and two Ebola vaccines, have been authorized for use in humans. Understanding viral vectors History The first viral vector was introduced in 1972 through genetic engineering of the SV40 virus. A recombinant viral vector was first used when a hepatitis B surface antigen gene was inserted into a Vaccinia, vaccinia virus. Subsequently, other viruses including Adenoviridae, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, cytomegalovirus, sendai virus, and lentiviruses have been designed into vaccine vectors. Vaccinia virus and adenovirus are the most commonly used viral vectors because of robust immune response it induces. The incorporation of several viruses in vaccination schemes has been investigated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
