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Tokugawa Coinage
Tokugawa coinage was a unitary and independent metallic monetary system established by ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1601 in Japan, and which lasted throughout the Tokugawa period until its end in 1867. History The establishment of Tokugawa coinage followed a period in which Japan was dependent on Chinese bronze coins for its currency.Metzler p. 15 Tokugawa coinage lasted for more than two centuries, and ended with the events of the Boshin war and the establishment of the Meiji restoration. However, there is an ongoing discussion of the entity of the precious metal coins. It was not a part of Tokugawa bakufu which issued gold and silver coins, but private organizations owned by merchants. The first attempt at a new currency were made by Hideyoshi, who developed the large Ōban plate, also called the Tensho Ōban (天正大判), in 1588. From 1601, Tokugawa coinage was minted in gold, silver, and bronze denominations. The denominations were fixed, but the rates actually f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arai Hakuseki
was a Confucianist, scholar-bureaucrat, academic, administrator, writer and politician in Japan during the middle of the Edo period, who advised the ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ienobu. His personal name was Kinmi or Kimiyoshi (君美). Hakuseki (白石) was his pen name. His father was a Kururi han samurai Arai Masazumi (新井 正済). Biography Hakuseki was born in Edo and from a very early age displayed signs of genius. According to one story, at the age of three Hakuseki managed to copy a Confucian book written in Kanji, character by character. Because he was born on the same year as the Great Fire of Meireki and because he was hot tempered and his brow would crease looking like 火 or "fire", he was affectionately called ''Hi no Ko'' (火の子) or ''child of fire''. He was a retainer of Hotta Masatoshi, but after Masatoshi was assassinated by Inaba Masayasu, the Hotta clan was forced to move from Sakura to Yamagata then to Fukushima and the domain's income declined. Haku ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokugawa Coinage Ichibugin ''
{{disambiguation ...
Tokugawa ( , ) may refer to: *Tokugawa era, an alternative term for the Edo period, 1603 to 1868 *Tokugawa shogunate, a feudal regime of Japan during the Edo period **Tokugawa clan, a powerful family of Japan ***Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616), most notable member of the Tokugawa clan and founder of its shogunate *Tokugawa (surname) (Shinjitai spelling: ; Kyūjitai spelling: ), a Japanese surname *Tokchon, South P'yŏngan province, North Korea, a city known as Tokugawa during Japanese rule *, a character in ''The Idolmaster Million Live! is a Japanese multimedia spin-off series of ''The Idolmaster'', starting with the game of the same name. The series follows a new group of idols working alongside the idols of 765 Production with a producer at the 765 Live Theater. The origi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alloy
An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which in most cases at least one is a metal, metallic element, although it is also sometimes used for mixtures of elements; herein only metallic alloys are described. Metallic alloys often have properties that differ from those of the pure elements from which they are made. The vast majority of metals used for commercial purposes are alloyed to improve their properties or behavior, such as increased strength, hardness or corrosion resistance. Metals may also be alloyed to reduce their overall cost, for instance alloys of gold and Copper(II) sulfate, copper. A typical example of an alloy is SAE 304 stainless steel, 304 grade stainless steel which is commonly used for kitchen utensils, pans, knives and forks. Sometime also known as 18/8, it as an alloy consisting broadly of 74% iron, 18% chromium and 8% nickel. The chromium and nickel alloying elements add strength and hardness to the majority iron element, but their main function is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shōtoku (era)
was a Japanese era name after Hōei and before Kyōhō. This period spanned the years from April 1711 through June 1716.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Shōtoku''" ; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File. The reigning emperor was .Titsingh, Isaac. (1834 ''Annales des empereurs du japon'', pp. 416-417./ref> Change of Era * 1711 : The era name of ''Shōtoku'' (meaning "Righteous Virtue") was created to mark the enthronement of Emperor Nakamikado. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in ''Hōei'' 8, on the 25th day of the 4th month. Events of the ''Shōtoku'' Era * 1711 (''Shōtoku 1''): An ambassador from Korea arrived at the court.Titsingh p. 416./ref> * November 12, 1712 (''Shōtoku 2, 14th day of the 10th month''): Shōgun Tokugawa Ienobu died. * 1713 (''Shōtoku 3''): Minamoto no Ietsugu became the 7th shōgun of the Edo bakufu. * 1714 (''Shōtoku 4''): The shogunate introduces ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keichō
was a after '' Bunroku'' and before '' Genna''. This period spanned from October 1596 to July 1615. The reigning emperors were and . Change of era * 1596 : The era name was changed to ''Keichō'' to mark the passing of various natural disasters. The preceding era ended and a new one commenced on October 27 of the 5th ''Bunroku''. Events of the ''Keichō'' era * 1596 (''Keichō 1''): ''Keichō'' Invasion (invasion of Korea). * September 18, 1598 (''Keichō 3, 18th day of the 8th month''): Toyotomi Hideyoshi died in his Fushimi Castle at the age of 63.Titsingh p. 405./ref> * October 21, 1600 (''Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month''): Battle of Sekigahara. The Tokugawa clan and its allies decisively vanquish all opposition. * January 15, 1602 (''Keichō 7, 24th day of the 11th month''): A fire at the Hōkō-ji temple complex in Kyoto was caused by careless workmen; and the great image of the buddha and the structure housing the statue (the Daibutsu-den) were consumed by t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koban (coin)
The was a Japanese oval gold coin, cast on the order of Tokugawa Ieyasu in Edo period ('' Keichō'' era) feudal Japan and a part of Tokugawa coinage. History Minting of koban, '' Ōban'' and other coins began in year 1601 (year 5 of the '' Keichō'' era), signifying the beginning of the Tokugawa coinage. The '' Keichō'' era koban was issued with a face value of one ''ryō''. Despite the existence of other gold and silver coins at the time, through a series of reforms the Bakufu managed to stabilize the koban to ''ryō'' 1:1 valuation by the end of the seventeenth century. Nowadays, gold-foil cardboard versions of koban are sold as ''Engimono'' (縁起物, ''talisman/lucky charm'') at Shinto shrines. Foreign trade The Japanese economy before the mid-19th century was based largely on rice. The standard unit of measure was the koku, the amount of rice needed to feed one person for one year. Farmers made their tax payments of rice which eventually made its way into the coffers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Mon (currency)
The was the currency of Japan from the Muromachi period in 1336 until the early Meiji period in 1870. It co-circulated with the new '' sen'' until 1891. Throughout Japanese history, there were many styles of currency of many shapes, styles, designs, sizes and materials, including gold, silver, bronze, etc. The kanji for ''mon'' () also shares its name with Chinese wén, Korean mun, Vietnamese văn. Denominations Coins denominated in mon were cast in copper or iron and circulated alongside silver and gold ingots denominated in ''shu'', ''bu'' and ''ryō'', with 4000 mon = 16 shu = 4 bu = 1 ryō. In 1869, due to depreciation against gold, the new fixing officially was set for 1 ryō/yen = 1,000 mon. The yen started to replace the old non-decimal denominations in 1870: in the 3rd quarter of 1870, the first new coins appeared, namely 5, 10, 50 sen silver and 2, 5, 10, 20 Yen. Smaller sen coins did not appear before spring, 1873. So the mon coins (1, 4, 100, 250 mon etc.) rem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shu (coin)
The is a Japanese gold coin, gold square coin that circulated during the Edo period. One Shu Shu coins with a gold alloy first originated during the Bunsei era as they were first minted sometime in May 1824. These first square coins feature a Government Seal of Japan, Paulownia crest with on the obverse and has signature engraved on the reverse. Initially, they were struck with an alloy of 12.3% gold, 87.4% silver, and 0.3% other miscellaneous material with weights of 1.40 grams. The gold content was intentionally kept low as the Shu was intended to be a subsidiary currency of the Ichibuban, and Koban (coin), Koban. When they were issued for circulation in July of the same year counterfeiters quickly took advantage of their quality. Of issue was the coin's low gold purity as its color was easy to replicate. Although efforts were made to dissolve any silver content on the coin's surface, the gold coloring wore off through circulation which gave way to a mixed and eventually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ryō
The was a gold currency unit in the shakkanhō system in pre- Meiji Japan. It was eventually replaced with a system based on the '' yen''. Origins The ''ryō'' was originally a unit of weight from China, the ''tael.'' It came into use in Japan during the Kamakura period. By the Azuchi–Momoyama period it had become nearly uniform throughout Japan, about 4.4 ''monme'' as a unit of weight (about the same as 16.5 grams). During the Sengoku period, various local ''daimyō'' began to mint their own money. One of the best known and most prestigious of these private coins was the ''kōshūkin'' (甲州金, ''coin/gold of the Kōshū Province'') issued by warlord Takeda Shingen, who had substantial gold deposits within his territories. The value of the ''kōshūkin'' was based on its weight, with one ''kōshūkin'' equal to one ryō of gold, and thus stamped with its weight (about 15 grams). The exchange rate fluctuated. A ''ryō'' of gold was worth 3 kan (3000) copper coins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
