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Timeline Of Hypertext Technology
This article presents a Chronology, timeline of hypertext technology, including "hypermedia" and related human–computer interaction projects and developments from 1945 on. The term ''hypertext'' is credited to the author and philosopher Ted Nelson. See also Graphical user interface, Multimedia; also Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine's Mundaneum, a massively cross-referenced card index system established in 1910. 1940s * 1941 ** Jorge Luis Borges' "The Garden of Forking Paths" * 1945 ** Memex (concept by Vannevar Bush) 1960s * 1960 ** Project Xanadu (concept) * 1962 ** Marshall McLuhan's ''The Gutenberg Galaxy'' uses the term ''surfing'' * 1967 ** Hypertext Editing System (HES) by Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson at Brown University * 1968 ** File Retrieval and Editing System, FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System, successor to HES) ** NLS (computer system), NLS (oN-Line System) 1970s * 1972 ** ZOG (hypertext), ZOG * 1973 ** Xerox Alto, Xerox Alto desktop * 1976 ** Problem-Ori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chronology
Chronology (from Latin , from Ancient Greek , , ; and , ''wikt:-logia, -logia'') is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. Consider, for example, the use of a timeline or sequence of events. It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events".Memidex/WordNet, "chronology,memidex.com (accessed September 25, 2010). Chronology is a part of periodization. It is also a part of the discipline of history including earth history, the earth sciences, and study of the geologic time scale. Related fields Chronology is the science of locating historical events in time. It relies mostly upon chronometry, which is also known as timekeeping, and historiography, which examines the writing of history and the use of historical methods. Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of formerly living things by measuring the proportion of carbon-14 isotope in their carbon content. Dendrochronology estimates the age of trees by correlation of the var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andries Van Dam
Andries "Andy" van Dam (born December 8, 1938) is a Dutch-American professor of computer science and former vice-president for research at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Together with Ted Nelson he contributed to the first hypertext system, Hypertext Editing System (HES) in the late 1960s. He co-authored '' Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice'' along with J.D. Foley, S.K. Feiner, and John Hughes. He also co-founded the precursor of the ACM SIGGRAPH conference. Van Dam serves on several technical boards and committees. He teaches an introductory course in computer science and courses in computer graphics at Brown University. Van Dam received his B.S. degree with Honors in Engineering Sciences from Swarthmore College in 1960 and his M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1963 and 1966, respectively. Students Van Dam has mentored undergraduates, other scholars, and practitioners in hypertext and computer graphics. One of his students was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guide (hypertext)
Guide was a hypertext system developed by Peter J. Brown at the University of Kent in 1982. The original Guide implementation was for Three Rivers PERQ workstations running Unix. The Guide system became the third hypertext system to be sold commercially, marketed by Office Workstations Ltd (OWL) in 1984 and later by InfoAccess. It won Brown the British Computer Society's award for technical innovation in 1988. He retired in 1999 and died of cancer in 2007, according to a tribute page at the University of Kent website. Ian Ritchie, founder of OWL, presented a TED talk in 2011 describing his missed opportunity to convert Guide to a graphical browser for the Web at its inception in 1990, titled "The day I turned down Tim Berners-Lee". In September 1986, Guide was ported by OWL to the Apple Macintosh, and in July 1987 to Microsoft Windows. In August 1987, Apple began bundling its own Macintosh graphical programming system HyperCard. Owl announced that Guide 2.0, scheduled for Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xerox Star
The Xerox Star workstation, officially named Xerox Star 8010 Information System, is the first commercial personal computer to incorporate technologies that have since become standard in personal computers, including a bitmapped display, a window-based graphical user interface, icons, folders, mouse (two-button), Ethernet networking, file servers, print servers, and email. Introduced by Xerox Corporation on April 27, 1981, the name ''Star'' technically refers only to the software sold with the system for the office automation market. The 8010 workstations were also sold with software based on the programming languages Lisp and Smalltalk for the smaller research and software development market. History The Xerox Alto The Xerox Star system's concept owes much to the Xerox Alto, an experimental workstation designed by the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). The first Alto became operational in 1972. The Alto had been strongly influenced by what its designers had seen previ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wes Kussmaul
Wes or WES may refer to: Organizations * World Education Services, United States and Canada (founded 1974) * Wiltshire Emergency Services, South West England (1998–2014) * Women's Engineering Society, United Kingdom (founded 1919) People * Wes (given name), a list of people and fictional characters so named * Wes Madiko (1964–2021), Cameroonian musician * William Wesley (born 1964), American basketball executive * Wesley "Wes" Correa (born 1962), American–Puerto-Rican basketball player Places * Outer Hebrides or ''Western Isles'', IIGA country code * Wesel (district), Germany (on vehicle registration plates) * Westmorland, county in England (Chapman code in genealogy) * WES Commuter Rail The Westside Express Service (WES) is a commuter rail line serving parts of the Portland metropolitan area's Washington County, Oregon, Washington and Clackamas County, Oregon, Clackamas counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. Owned by TriMet and ..., a rail line in Oregon, United ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electronic Document System
The Electronic Document System (EDS) was an early hypertext system – also known as the Interactive Graphical Documents (IGD) hypermedia system – focused on creation of interactive documents such as equipment repair manuals or computer-aided instruction texts with embedded links and graphics. EDS was a 1978–1981 research project at Brown University by Steven Feiner, Sandor Nagy and Andries van Dam. EDS used a dedicated Ramtech raster display and VAX-11/780 computer to create and navigate a network of graphic pages containing interactive graphic buttons. Graphic buttons had programmed behaviors such as invoking an animation, linking to another page, or exposing an additional level of detail. The system had three automatically created navigation aids: # a timeline showing thumbnail images of pages traversed; # a 'neighbors' display showing thumbnails of all pages linking to the current page on the left, and all pages reachable from the current page on the right; # a visual ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ENQUIRE
ENQUIRE was a software project written in 1980 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, which was the predecessor to the World Wide Web. It was a simple hypertext program that had some of the same ideas as the Web and the Semantic Web but was different in several important ways. According to Berners-Lee, the name was inspired by the title of an old how-to book, '' Enquire Within upon Everything''. The conditions Around 1980, approximately 10,000 people were working at CERN with different hardware, software and individual requirements. Much work was done by email and file exchange, which the scientists used to keep track of different parts of intersecting projects. Berners-Lee started to work for 6 months on 23 June 1980 at CERN, where he developed ENQUIRE as a personal organizational tool. The requirements for setting up a new system were compatibility with different networks, disk formats, data formats, and character encoding schemes, which made any attempt to transfer information betw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PERQ
The PERQ, also referred to as the Three Rivers PERQ or ICL PERQ, is a pioneering workstation computer produced in the late 1970s through the early 1980s. It is the first commercially-produced personal workstation with a graphical user interface (GUI). The design of the PERQ was heavily influenced by the original workstation computer, the Xerox Alto, which was never commercially produced. The workstation was conceived by six former Carnegie Mellon University alumnus, alumni and employees: Brian S. Rosen, James R. Teter, William H. Broadley, J. Stanley Kriz, Raj Reddy and Paul G. Newbury, who formed the startup Three Rivers Computer Corporation (3RCC) in 1974. The name "PERQ" was chosen both as an acronym of "Pascal (programming language), Pascal Engine that Runs Quicker," and to evoke the word ''employee benefits, perquisite'' commonly called a ''perk'', that is an additional employee benefit. In June 1979, the company took its very first order from the UK's Rutherford Appleton ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aspen Movie Map
The Aspen Movie Map was a hypermedia system developed at MIT that enabled the user to take a virtual tour through the city of Aspen, Colorado. It was developed by a team working with Andrew Lippman in 1978 with funding from ARPA. Features The Aspen Movie Map enabled the user to take a virtual tour through the city of Aspen, Colorado (that is, a form of surrogate travel). It is an early example of a hypermedia system. A gyroscopic stabilizer with four 16mm stop-frame film cameras was mounted on top of a car with an encoder that triggered the cameras every ten feet. The distance was measured from an optical sensor attached to the hub of a bicycle wheel dragged behind the vehicle. The cameras were mounted in order to capture front, back, and side views as the car made its way through the city. Filming took place daily between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. to minimize lighting discrepancies. The car was carefully driven down the center of every street in Aspen to enable registered match cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Problem-Oriented Medical Information System
The Problem-Oriented Medical Information System, or PROMIS, was a hypertext system specially designed for maintaining health care records. PROMIS was developed at the University of Vermont in 1976, primarily by Jan Schultz and Dr. Lawrence Weed, M.D. Apparently, the developers of Carnegie Mellon University's ZOG system were so impressed with PROMIS that it reinspired them to return to their own work. PROMIS was an interactive, touchscreen A touchscreen (or touch screen) is a type of electronic visual display, display that can detect touch input from a user. It consists of both an input device (a touch panel) and an output device (a visual display). The touch panel is typically l ... system that allowed users to access a medical record within a large body of medical knowledge. At its peak, the PROMIS system had over 60,000 frames of knowledge. PROMIS was also known for its fast responsiveness, especially for its time. References External linksA History of the PROMIS Te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xerox Alto
The Xerox Alto is a computer system developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) in the 1970s. It is considered one of the first workstations or personal computers, and its development pioneered many aspects of modern computing. It features a graphical user interface (GUI), a mouse, Ethernet networking, and the ability to run multiple applications simultaneously. It is one of the first computers to use a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) text editor and has a bit-mapped display. The Alto did not succeed commercially, but it had a significant influence on the development of future computer systems. The Alto was designed for an operating system based on a GUI, later using the desktop metaphor. The first machines were introduced on March 1, 1973, and in limited production starting one decade before Xerox's designs inspired Apple to release the first mass-market GUI computers. The Alto is contained in a relatively small cabinet and uses a custom central processing unit ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ZOG (hypertext)
ZOG was an early hypertext system developed at Carnegie Mellon University during the 1970s by Donald McCracken and Robert Akscyn. ZOG was first developed by Allen Newell and George G. Robertson to serve as the front end for Artificial intelligence, AI and Cognitive Science programs brought together at CMU for a summer workshop. The ZOG project was as an outgrowth of long-term artificial intelligence research led by Allen Newell and funded by the Office of Naval Research. A second version of ZOG was installed as the key interface between users and logistics on the Nimitz class carrier USS Carl Vinson, USS ''Carl Vinson'' in 1983. Composition ZOG consisted of "frames" that contained a title, a description, a line containing ZOG system commands, and selections (menu items) that led to other frames. ZOG pioneered the "frame" or "card" model of hypertext later popularized by HyperCard. In such systems, the frames or cards cannot scroll to show content that is part of the same document ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
