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State Administration For Market Regulation
The State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR; ) is a ministerial-level agency directly under the State Council of the People's Republic of China responsible for market supervision and management. SAMR was established in 2018. It is China's primary antitrust regulator. History The Administration was created as part of the deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions, and merged or abolished a number of previous agencies, such as the State Intellectual Property Office. SAMR was created under the banner of the Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission under Xi Jinping, current General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. The Administration consolidates in one ministry the market regulation functions previously shared by three separate agencies, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), and the State Administration of Industry and Commerce (SAIC). In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Administration Of Quality Supervision, Inspection And Quarantine
The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China ( zh, 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, abbreviated AQSIQ) was a ministerial-level department under the State Council of the People's Republic of China that was in charge of quality control, national quality, metrology, entry-exit commodity inspection, entry-exit health quarantine, entry-exit animal and plant quarantine, import-export food safety, certification and accreditation, standardization, as well as administrative Law enforcement agency, law enforcement. AQSIQ directly administers provincial Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureaus and Bureaus of Quality and Technical Supervision. For example, the Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau is responsible for collecting health declaration forms, and used thermal imaging to spot passengers with fever due to the 2009 flu pandemic prior to July 16, 2009. History AQSIQ was form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Administration Of Industry And Commerce
The State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC; ) was the authority in the People's Republic of China responsible for advancing legislation concerning the administration of industry and commerce in the People's Republic. On a local level, the organizations responsibilities roughly mimicked those of the secretaries of individual states in the United States as a registration and licensing authority. The last minister was Zhang Mao (). History The SAIC was merged into the newly created State Administration for Market Regulation in March 2018 as part of the deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions. Administration The agency was organized into the following divisions: *General Office *Department of Law *Antimonopoly and Anti-unfair Competition Enforcement Bureau *Direct Selling Regulation Bureau *Consumer Protection Bureau *Department of Market Regulation *Regulation Department for Market Circulation of Food *Enterprise Registration Bureau *Bureau for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Agencies Of China
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a means by which organizational policies are enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining policy. In many countries, the government has a kind of constitution, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy. While all types of organizations have governance, the term ''government'' is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 independent national governments and subsidiary organizations. The main types of modern political systems recognized are democracies, totalitarian regimes, and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes with a variety of hybrid regimes. Modern classification systems also include monarchies as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three. Historically prevalent for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Supervision Commission
The National Supervisory Commission is the highest supervisory and anti-corruption authority of the People's Republic of China. Formed in 2018 by an amendment to the Constitution, the Commission holds the same constitutional status as that of the State Council, of the Supreme People's Court, and of the Supreme People's Procuratorate. The Director of the National Supervisory Commission is elected by the National People's Congress and shall not serve more than two consecutive terms. The Director reports to the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee. The deputy directors and Members of the commission are nominated by the Director and are appointed by the National People's Congress Standing Committee. The National Supervisory Commission is co-located with the CCP's Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. Background The National Supervisory Commission was formed as part of a series of reforms to China's anti-corruption system duri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Standardization Administration Of China
The Standardization Administration of China (SAC; ; abbr.: ) is an external name of the State Administration for Market Regulation. Prior to 2018, it was an administrative office under the State Council to exercise administrative responsibilities by undertaking unified management, supervision and overall coordination of standardization work in China. The SAC represents China within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and other international and regional standardization organizations; the SAC is responsible for organizing the activities of the Chinese National Committee for ISO and IEC; the SAC approves and organizes the implementation of international cooperation and the exchange of projects on standardization. History With the development through China's reforms and opening up, in April 2001, the State Council of China decided to set up the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E-commerce In China
China is the world's largest market for e-commerce. Domestic e-commerce firms have the greatest share of China's market, with foreign companies having a comparatively small presence. The expansion of e-commerce in China has resulted in particular e-commerce patterns like the development of Taobao villages and livestreaming e-commerce. E-commerce in China is regulated through a variety of means, particularly China's 2018 E-Commerce Law. Expansion of E-commerce In the early 2000s, China's e-commerce lagged behind that of other major economies. When the 2008 financial crisis resulted in decreased demand from Western markets, Chinese manufacturers re-oriented towards the domestic market. Many focused on domestic online marketing, either through creating their own brands or selling to other Chinese online sellers. In turn, this pivot by Chinese manufacturers increased the quantity and diversity of products available online, leading to a major increase in e-commerce in China. In 2008 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Industry And Information Technology
The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) is the sixth-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. It is responsible for regulation and development of the postal service, Internet, wireless, broadcasting, communications, production of electronic and information goods, software industry and the promotion of the national knowledge economy. History In 2004, the MIIT began the Connecting Every Village Project to promote universal access to telecommunication and internet services in rural China. The MIIT required that six state-owned companies, including the main telecommunications and internet providers China Mobile, China Unicom, and China Telecom, build the communications infrastructure and assist in financing the project. Beginning in late 2009, the program began building rural telecenters each of which had at least one telephone, computer, and internet connectivity. Approximately 90,000 rural telecenters were built by 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Development And Reform Commission
The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is the third-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, which functions as a macroeconomic management agency. Established as the State Planning Commission, the NDRC has broad administrative and planning control over the economy of mainland China, and has a reputation of being the "mini-state council". History The body was first established in November 1952 as the State Planning Commission of the Central People's Government. It was modeled after Gosplan. Gao Gang was its first director. In 1954, it was transformed to the State Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. The NDRC's functions are to study and formulate policies for economic and social development, maintain the balance of economic development, and to guide restructuring of the economic system of mainland China. In March 1998, the commission was renamed into the State Development Planning Commission. It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Competition Law
Competition law is the field of law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement. It is also known as antitrust law (or just antitrust), anti-monopoly law, and trade practices law; the act of pushing for antitrust measures or attacking monopolistic companies (known as trusts) is commonly known as trust busting. The history of competition law reaches back to the Roman Empire. The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, and sometimes severe sanctions. Since the 20th century, competition law has become global. The two largest and most influential systems of competition regulation are United States antitrust law and European Union competition law. National and regional competition authorities across the world have formed international support and enforcement networks. Modern competition law ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Variable Interest Entity
A variable interest entity (VIE) is a legal structure defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) for situations where control over a legal entity may be demonstrated through means other than voting rights. A public company with a financial interest in such entities may be subject to certain financial reporting requirements. VIEs gained notoriety in the early 2000's due to their role in the Enron scandal, where the company used special-purpose entities to hide mounting losses from investors. VIEs have also been employed by Chinese companies, such as Alibaba, to circumvent Chinese government regulations that restrict foreign ownership of certain assets and industries, thus gaining access to foreign capital. VIEs have faced criticism for their lack of transparency and limited rights provided to foreign investors, with some experts calling for the banning of future listings and delisting of existing Chinese companies using VIEs. Background The FASB's Accounting Stan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platform Economy
The platform economy encompasses economic and social activities facilitated by digital platforms. These platforms — such as Amazon (company), Amazon, Airbnb, Uber, Microsoft and Google — serve as intermediaries between various groups of users, enabling interactions, transactions, collaboration, and innovation. The platform economy has experienced rapid growth, disrupting traditional business models and contributing significantly to the global economy. Platform businesses are characterized by their reliance on network effects, where the platform's value increases as more users join. This has allowed many platform companies to scale quickly and achieve global influence. Platform economies have also introduced novel challenges, such as the rise of precarious work arrangements in the gig economy, reduced labor protections, and concerns about tax evasion by platform operators. In addition, critics argue that platforms contribute to market concentration and increase inequality. Histo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world. Its first book was printed in Oxford in 1478, with the Press officially granted the legal right to print books by decree in 1586. It is the second-oldest university press after Cambridge University Press, which was founded in 1534. It is a department of the University of Oxford. It is governed by a group of 15 academics, the Delegates of the Press, appointed by the Vice Chancellor, vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford. The Delegates of the Press are led by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative on other university bodies. Oxford University Press has had a similar governance structure since the 17th century. The press is located on Walton Street, Oxford, Walton Street, Oxford, opposite Somerville College, Oxford, Somerville College, in the inner suburb of Jericho, Oxford, Jericho. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
