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Simple Commodity Production
Simple commodity production (, also translated as petty commodity production), is a term coined by Friedrich Engels in 1894 when he had compiled and edited the third volume of Marx's ''Capital''. It refers to productive activities under the conditions of what Karl Marx had called the "simple exchange" or "simple circulation" of commodities, where independent producers trade their own products to obtain other products of equivalent value. The use of the adjective ''simple'' is not intended to refer to the nature of the producers or of their production, but rather to the relatively simple and straightforward exchange processes involved, from an economic perspective. As discussed below, both Karl Marx and Engels claimed explicitly that the law of value applied also to simple exchange, and that the operation of this law is modified (or, as Marx sometimes says, "inverted") by the capitalist mode of production when all the inputs and outputs of production (including means of production ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels ( ;"Engels" ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''. ; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, political theorist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He was also a businessman and Karl Marx's lifelong friend and closest collaborator, serving as the co-founder of Marxism. Born in Barmen in the Kingdom of Prussia, Engels was the son of a wealthy textile manufacturer. Despite his Bourgeoisie, bourgeois background, he became a staunch critic of capitalism, influenced by his observations of industrial working conditions in Manchester, England, as published in his early work ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'' (1845). He met Marx in 1844, after which they jointly authored works including ''The Holy Family (book), The Holy Family'' (1844), ''The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urbanization
Urbanization (or urbanisation in British English) is the population shift from Rural area, rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It can also mean population growth in urban areas instead of rural ones. It is predominantly the process by which towns and City, cities are formed and become larger as more people begin to live and work in central areas. Although the two concepts are sometimes used interchangeably, urbanization should be distinguished from Urban sprawl, urban growth. Urbanization refers to the ''proportion'' of the total national population living in areas classified as urban, whereas urban growth strictly refers to the ''absolute'' number of people living in those areas. It is predicted that by 2050, about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. This is predicted to generate artificial scarcities of land, lack of dr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Value-form
The value-form or form of value (''"Wertform"'' in German) is an important concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy, discussed in the first chapter of ''Capital, Volume 1''. It refers to the ''social form'' of tradeable things as units of value, which contrast with their tangible features, as objects which can satisfy human needs and wants or serve a useful purpose. The physical appearance or the price tag of a traded object may be directly observable, but the meaning of its social form (as an object of value) is not. Marx intended to correct errors by the Classical economics, classical economists in defining exchange, value, money and capital, by showing precisely how these economic categories evolved out of the development of trading relations. Playfully narrating the "metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties" of ordinary things when they become instruments of trade, Marx provides a brief social morphology of value as such — what its ''substance'' reall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Relations Of Production
Relations of production () is a concept frequently used by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their theory of historical materialism and in ''Das Kapital''. It is first explicitly used in Marx's published book '' The Poverty of Philosophy'', although Marx and Engels had already defined the term in '' The German Ideology'' which was only published posthumously in 1932. Some social relations are voluntary or freely chosen (ie. a person chooses to associate with another person or a group). But other social relations are involuntary, i.e. people can be socially related, whether they like that or not, because they are part of a family (ie. biosocial kinship) a group, an organization, a community, a nation, etc. By "relations of production", Marx and Engels meant the sum total of social relationships that people ''must'' enter into in order to survive, to produce, and to reproduce their means of life. As people ''must'' enter into these social relationships, i.e. because participatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Brenner
Robert Paul Brenner (; born November 28, 1943) is an American economic historian. He is a professor emeritus of history and director of the Center for Social Theory and Comparative History at UCLA, editor of the socialist journal ''Against the Current'', and editorial committee member of ''New Left Review''. His research interests are early modern European history, economic, social and religious history, agrarian history, social theory/Marxism, and Tudor– Stuart England. Brenner contributed to a debate among Marxists on the "Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism", emphasizing the importance of the transformation of agricultural production in Europe, especially in the English countryside, rather than the rise of international trade as the main cause of the transition. His influential 1976 article, ''Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe'', started the Brenner debate.Brenner, Robert.Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alex Callinicos
Alexander Theodore Callinicos (born 24 July 1950) is a Rhodesian-born British political theorist and activist. An adherent of Trotskyism, he is a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and serves as its International Secretary. Between 2009 and 2020 he was the editor of ''International Socialism'', the SWP's theoretical journal, and has published a number of books. Biography Early life He became involved in revolutionary politics as a student at Balliol College, Oxford, where he studied for a BA and came to know Christopher Hitchens, then himself active in the International Socialists (the SWP's forerunner). He also received his DPhil at Oxford. The earliest writing by Callinicos for the International Socialists was an analysis of the student movement of the period. His other early writings focused on southern Africa and the French structuralist-Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser. In 1977, Callinicos married Joanna Seddon, a fellow Oxford doct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helmut Reichelt
Helmut Reichelt (; born 1939) is a Swedish-born German Marxian critic of political economy, sociologist and philosopher. Reichelt is one of the main authors of the Neue Marx-Lektüre and considered to be one of the most important theorists in the field of Marx's theory of value. Biography Reichelt was born in Borås. He studied economics, sociology and philosophy in Frankfurt where Theodor W. Adorno supervised his diploma in 1968. In 1970 Reichelt obtained his Ph.D at the Institute for Social Research. In 1971 he became professor of sociology at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. One year later he was also appointed as the dean of the philosophy department in Frankfurt. On the initiative of Alfred Sohn-Rethel, Reichelt accepted the Professorship for social theory at the department of Sociology at the University of Bremen in 1978. He remained in Bremen until his retirement in 2005. Reichelt's research interests are the theory of society with special ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Weeks (economist)
John Weeks (1941 – 26 July 2020) was an American economist, critic of neoliberal economics and a policy advisor to the Labour party under Jeremy Corbyn. Life Weeks was born in Austin, Texas in a middle-class family. He received a degree in economics from the University of Texas in 1963 and subsequently enrolled in PhD-studies. Weeks was also active in the US-anti war efforts during the late sixties. Weeks completed his doctorate in 1969 and went on to teach at Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria before becoming a lecturer at the University of Sussex in 1971. Weeks later became an advisor for the Nicaraguan government's planning ministry. In 1985 Weeks was called out as a "dangerous academic" by a conservative organization. In this context, where Weeks felt that the US environment was increasingly hostile, Weeks enthusiastically accepted leaving the US to become professor emeritus at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London. His research interests ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Harvey
David William Harvey (born 31 October 1935) is a British-American academic best known for Marxist analyses that focus on urban geography as well as the economy more broadly. He is a Distinguished Professor of anthropology and geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY). Harvey has authored many books and essays that have been prominent in the development of modern geography as a discipline. He is a proponent of the idea of the right to the city. In 2007, Harvey was listed as the 18th most-cited author of books in the humanities and social sciences in that year, as established by counting citations from academic journals in the Thomson Reuters ISI database. Early life and education David W. Harvey was born in 1935 in Gillingham, Kent. He attended Gillingham Grammar School for Boys and St John's College, Cambridge, for both his undergraduate and post-graduate studies. Harvey's early work, beginning with his PhD (on hops production in 19th cen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Q
Paul may refer to: People * Paul (given name), a given name, including a list of people * Paul (surname), a list of people * Paul the Apostle, an apostle who wrote many of the books of the New Testament * Ray Hildebrand, half of the singing duo Paul & Paula * Paul Stookey, one-third of the folk music trio Peter, Paul and Mary * Billy Paul, stage name of American soul singer Paul Williams (1934–2016) * Vinnie Paul, drummer for American Metal band Pantera * Paul Avril, pseudonym of Édouard-Henri Avril (1849–1928), French painter and commercial artist * Paul, pen name under which Walter Scott wrote ''Paul's letters to his Kinsfolk'' in 1816 * Jean Paul, pen name of Johann Paul Friedrich Richter (1763–1825), German Romantic writer Places * Paul, Cornwall, a village in the civil parish of Penzance, United Kingdom *Paul (civil parish), Cornwall, United Kingdom * Paul, Alabama, United States, an unincorporated community *Paul, Idaho, United States, a city *Paul, Nebraska, United ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barry Hindess
Barry Hindess (11 July 1939 — 19 May 2018) was an emeritus Professor in the School of Social Sciences at Australian National University. He was for many years an academic sociologist in the UK (mainly at the University of Liverpool) and has published widely on social and political theory, and on the history of political thought. Hindess was one of the editors of ''Theoretical Practice'' which in the 1970s critically examined the Structural Marxism of Louis Althusser. With other editors such as his former pupil, Paul Hirst, Tony Cutler and Athar Hussain, this interrogation eventually undermined their original support for Althusser. One of Hindess's doctoral students is Maria Bargh, Professor of Politics and Māori Studies at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. Hindess held a BA from Oxford University, and a MA and PhD from University of Liverpool The University of Liverpool (abbreviated UOL) is a Public university, public research university in Liverpool ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UNSNA
The System of National Accounts or SNA (until 1993 known as the United Nations System of National Accounts or UNSNA) is an international standard system of concepts and methods for national accounts. It is nowadays used by most countries in the world. The first international standard was published in 1953. Manuals have subsequently been released for the 1968 revision, the 1993 revision, and the 2008 revision. The draft version for the SNA 2025 revision was adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission at its 56th Session in March 2025. Behind the accounts system, there is also a system of people: the people who are cooperating around the world to produce the statistics, for use by government agencies, businesspeople, academics and interest groups from all nations. The aim of SNA is to provide an integrated, complete system of standard national accounts, for the purpose of economic analysis, policy-making and decision-making. When individual countries use SNA standards to gu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
