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Resistor–transistor Logic
Resistor–transistor logic (RTL) (sometimes also transistor–resistor logic (TRL)) is a class of digital circuits built using resistors as the input network and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) as switching devices. RTL is the earliest class of transistorized digital logic circuit; it was succeeded by diode–transistor logic (DTL) and transistor–transistor logic (TTL). RTL circuits were first constructed with discrete components, but in 1961 it became the first digital logic family to be produced as a monolithic integrated circuit. RTL integrated circuits were used in the Apollo Guidance Computer, whose design begun in 1961 and which first flew in 1966. Implementation RTL inverter A bipolar transistor switch is the simplest RTL gate ( inverter or NOT gate) implementing logical negation. It consists of a common-emitter stage with a base resistor connected between the base and the input voltage source. The role of the base resistor is to expand the very small tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digital Circuit
In theoretical computer science, a circuit is a model of computation in which input values proceed through a sequence of gates, each of which computes a function. Circuits of this kind provide a generalization of Boolean circuits and a mathematical model for digital logic circuits. Circuits are defined by the gates they contain and the values the gates can produce. For example, the values in a Boolean circuit are boolean values, and the circuit includes conjunction, disjunction, and negation gates. The values in an integer circuit are sets of integers and the gates compute set union, set intersection, and set complement, as well as the arithmetic operations addition and multiplication. Formal definition A circuit is a triple (M, L, G), where * M is a set of values, * L is a set of gate labels, each of which is a function from M^ to M for some non-negative integer i (where i represents the number of inputs to the gate), and * G is a labelled directed acyclic graph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Addition
Addition (usually signified by the plus symbol ) is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic, the other three being subtraction, multiplication and division. The addition of two whole numbers results in the total amount or '' sum'' of those values combined. The example in the adjacent image shows a combination of three apples and two apples, making a total of five apples. This observation is equivalent to the mathematical expression (that is, "3 ''plus'' 2 is equal to 5"). Besides counting items, addition can also be defined and executed without referring to concrete objects, using abstractions called numbers instead, such as integers, real numbers and complex numbers. Addition belongs to arithmetic, a branch of mathematics. In algebra, another area of mathematics, addition can also be performed on abstract objects such as vectors, matrices, subspaces and subgroups. Addition has several important properties. It is commutative, meaning that the order of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fan-in
Fan-in is the number of inputs a logic gate can handle. For instance the fan-in for the AND gate shown in the figure is 3. Physical logic gates with a large fan-in tend to be slower than those with a small fan-in. This is because the complexity of the input circuitry increases the input capacitance of the device. Using logic gates with higher fan-in will help in reducing the depth of a logic circuit; this is because circuit design is realized by the target logic family at a digital level, meaning any large fan-in logic gates are simply the smaller fan-in gates chained together in series at a given depth to widen the circuit instead. Fan-in tree of a node refers to a collection of signals that contribute to the input signal of that node. In quantum logic gates the fan-in always has to be equal to the number of outputs, the Fan-out. Gates for which the numbers of inputs and outputs differ would not be reversible (unitary Unitary may refer to: Mathematics * Unitary divisor * U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Totem Pole Output
A totem (from oj, ᑑᑌᒼ, italics=no or ''doodem'') is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe, such as in the Anishinaabe clan system. While ''the word'' totem itself is an anglicisation of the Ojibwe term (and both the word and beliefs associated with it are part of the Ojibwe language and culture), belief in tutelary spirits and deities is not limited to the Ojibwe people. Similar concepts, under differing names and with variations in beliefs and practices, may be found in a number of cultures worldwide. The term has also been adopted, and at times redefined, by anthropologists and philosophers of different cultures. Contemporary neoshamanic, New Age, and mythopoetic men's movements not otherwise involved in the practice of a traditional, tribal religion have been known to use "totem" terminology for the personal identification with a tutelary spirit or spirit guide. However, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sylvania Electric Products
Sylvania Electric Products Inc. was an American manufacturer of diverse electrical equipment, including at various times radio transceivers, vacuum tubes, semiconductors, and mainframe computers such as MOBIDIC. They were one of the companies involved in the development of the COBOL programming language. History The ''Hygrade Sylvania Corporation'' was formed when '' NILCO'', ''Sylvania'' and '' Hygrade Lamp Company'' merged into one company in 1931. In 1939, Hygrade Sylvania started preliminary research on fluorescent technology, and later that year, demonstrated the first linear, or tubular, fluorescent lamp. It was featured at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Sylvania was also a manufacturer of both vacuum tubes and transistors. In 1942, the company changed its name to Sylvania Electric Products Inc. During World War II, Sylvania was chosen from among several competing companies to manufacture the miniature vacuum tubes used in proximity fuze shells due to its quality ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CMOS
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss", ) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. CMOS technology is used for constructing integrated circuit (IC) chips, including microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory chips (including CMOS BIOS), and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensors), data converters, RF circuits ( RF CMOS), and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication. The CMOS process was originally conceived by Frank Wanlass at Fairchild Semiconductor and presented by Wanlass and Chih-Tang Sah at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference in 1963. Wanlass later filed US patent 3,356,858 for CMOS circuitry and it was granted in 1967. commercialized the technology with the trademark ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NMOS Logic
N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor logic uses n-type (-) MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors) to implement logic gates and other digital circuits. These nMOS transistors operate by creating an inversion layer in a p-type transistor body. This inversion layer, called the n-channel, can conduct electrons between n-type "source" and "drain" terminals. The n-channel is created by applying voltage to the third terminal, called the gate. Like other MOSFETs, nMOS transistors have four modes of operation: cut-off (or subthreshold), triode, saturation (sometimes called active), and velocity saturation. For many years, NMOS circuits were much faster than comparable PMOS and CMOS circuits, which had to use much slower p-channel transistors. It was also easier to manufacture NMOS than CMOS, as the latter has to implement p-channel transistors in special n-wells on the p-substrate. The major drawback with NMOS (and most other logic families) is that a DC current mus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emitter-coupled Logic
In electronics, emitter-coupled logic (ECL) is a high-speed integrated circuit bipolar transistor logic family. ECL uses an overdriven bipolar junction transistor (BJT) differential amplifier with single-ended input and limited emitter current to avoid the saturated (fully on) region of operation and its slow turn-off behavior. As the current is steered between two legs of an emitter-coupled pair, ECL is sometimes called ''current-steering logic'' (CSL), ''current-mode logic'' (CML) or ''current-switch emitter-follower'' (CSEF) logic. In ECL, the transistors are never in saturation, the input and output voltages have a small swing (0.8 V), the input impedance is high and the output impedance is low. As a result, the transistors change states quickly, gate delays are low, and the fanout capability is high. In addition, the essentially constant current draw of the differential amplifiers minimises delays and glitches due to supply-line inductance and capacitance, and the complem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct-coupled Transistor Logic
Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL) is similar to resistor–transistor logic (RTL) but the input transistor bases are connected directly to the collector outputs without any base resistors. Consequently, DCTL gates have fewer components, are more economical, and are simpler to fabricate onto integrated circuits than RTL gates. Unfortunately, DCTL has much smaller signal levels, has more susceptibility to ground noise, and requires matched transistor characteristics. The transistors are also heavily overdriven; that is a good feature in that it reduces the saturation voltage of the output transistors, but it also slows the circuit down due to a high stored charge in the base. Gate fan-out is limited due to "current hogging": if the transistor base-emitter voltages () are not well matched, then the base-emitter junction of one transistor may conduct most of the input drive current at such a low base-emitter voltage that other input transistors fail to turn on. DCTL is close to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agc Flatp
AGC may refer to: Organizations In business * AGC Inc. (formerly Asahi Glass Co.), a glass manufacturer * Associated General Contractors of America, an association of commercial construction contractors * Australian Guarantee Corporation, a financial company Military * Army Geospatial Center, part of the US Army Corps of Engineers * Adjutant General's Corps, in the British Army * Amphibious Force, Flagship a World War 2 ship. Religious organizations * Apostolic Generation Church, a non-denominational church located in Jakarta, Indonesia * Associated Gospel Churches of Canada, a Canadian evangelical Christian denomination Other organizations * Assyrian General Conference, a political organization in Iraq * Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia (aka The Gulf Clan), a drug cartel and paramilitary group in Colombia Science and technology * Apollo Guidance Computer, for the Apollo program * Atypical Glandular Cells, in the Bethesda system for reporting Pap smear results * Auto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agc Nor2
AGC may refer to: Organizations In business * AGC Inc. (formerly Asahi Glass Co.), a glass manufacturer * Associated General Contractors of America, an association of commercial construction contractors * Australian Guarantee Corporation, a financial company Military * Army Geospatial Center, part of the US Army Corps of Engineers * Adjutant General's Corps, in the British Army * Amphibious Force, Flagship a World War 2 ship. Religious organizations * Apostolic Generation Church, a non-denominational church located in Jakarta, Indonesia * Associated Gospel Churches of Canada, a Canadian evangelical Christian denomination Other organizations * Assyrian General Conference, a political organization in Iraq * Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia (aka The Gulf Clan), a drug cartel and paramilitary group in Colombia Science and technology * Apollo Guidance Computer, for the Apollo program * Atypical Glandular Cells, in the Bethesda system for reporting Pap smear results * Auto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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