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Remote And Virtual Tower
Remote and virtual tower (RVT) is a modern concept where the air traffic service (ATS) at an airport is performed somewhere other than in the local control tower. Although it was initially developed for airports with low traffic levels, in 2021 it was implemented at a major international airport, London City Airport (84,260 aircraft movements in 2019). The first remote tower implementation providing aerodrome ATS was approved and introduced into operations in Sweden in April 2015, with further implementations in other EASA Member States well underway. In 2019, Scandinavian Mountains Airport in Dalarna, Sweden has been the world's first airport built without a traditional tower, to be controlled remotely. The concept is also considered as contingency measures for major airports or for apron control only. Concept Instead of being located in an airport tower, the air traffic control officer (ATCO) or aerodrome flight information services officer (AFISO) work at a remote tower centre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Traffic Service
In aviation, an air traffic service (ATS) is a service which regulates and assists aircraft in real-time to ensure their safe operations. In particular, ATS is to: * prevent collisions between aircraft; provide advice of the safe and efficient conduct of flights; * conduct and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic; * notify concerned organizations of and assist in search and rescue operations. The ATS further provides four services: * air traffic control services, which is to prevent collisions in controlled airspace by instructing pilots where to fly; * air traffic advisory service, used in uncontrolled airspace to prevent collisions by advising pilots of other aircraft or hazards; * flight information service, which provides information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights; * alerting service, which provides services to all known aircraft. An ATS route is a designated route for channeling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic service ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Airport Apron
The airport apron, apron, flight line, ramp, or tarmac is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled, boarded, or maintained. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to the general public, and a permit may be required to gain access. An apron's designated areas for aircraft parking are called ''aircraft stands''. By extension, the term ''apron'' is also used to identify the air traffic control position responsible for coordinating movement on this surface at busier airports. When the aerodrome control tower does not have control over the apron, the use of the apron may be controlled by an ''apron management service'' (''apron control'' or ''apron advisory'') to provide coordination between the users. Apron control allocates aircraft parking stands ( gates) and communicates this information t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Airservices Australia
Airservices Australia is an Australian Government owned corporation, responsible for providing safe, secure, efficient and environmentally responsible services to the aviation industry within the Australian Flight Information Region (FIR). Some of Airservices responsibilities include air traffic control, airways navigation and communication facilities, publishing aeronautical data and airport rescue and fire-fighting services. Airservices Australia has international partnerships with ICAO, CANSO and IATA. Responsibilities Airservices Australia manages air traffic within Australian airspace. This includes the airspace over continental Australia, territorial waters and also international airspace boundaries over the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Airservices Australia also manages upper-level airspace (above 24,500 ft) under contract to the neighbouring Pacific Island Flight Information Regions of the Solomon Islands and Nauru. Airservices Australia publishes aeronautical data, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avinor
Avinor AS is a state-owned limited company that operates most of the civil airports in Norway. The Norwegian state, via the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, controls 100 percent of the share capital. Avinor was created on 1 January 2003, by the privatization of the Norwegian Civil Aviation Administration known as ''Luftfartsverket''. Its head office is in Bjørvika, Oslo, located on the seaside of Oslo Central Station. Avinor owns and operates 44 airports in Norway, fourteen in association with the Royal Norwegian Air Force, and is responsible for air traffic control services in Norway. In addition to the 44 airports, it operates three Area Control Centers: Bodø Air Traffic Control Center, Stavanger Air Traffic Control Center and Oslo ATCC. , the chief executive officer was Sverre Quale who has been in the job since 18 April 2006. He was previously the head of the Norwegian Accident Investigation Board. As of 2011, Sverre Quale has been employed as t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ENAIRE
ENAIRE is the air navigation manager in Spain, certified for the provision of en route, approach and aerodrome control services. As a public corporate entity attached to the Spanish Ministry of Public Works, it is responsible for air traffic control, aeronautical information and the Communication, navigation and surveillance networks - these are all necessary so that air companies and their aircraft can fly safely, fluidly and in an organised format within Spanish airspace. By volume of air traffic, ENAIRE is the fourth largest air navigation service provider in Europe, with approximately 2 million flights per year. ENAIRE manages 2.2 million square kilometres of airspace from five air control centres (Barcelona, Canary Islands, Madrid, Palma de Mallorca and Seville) and 21 control towers. ENAIRE controls a complex airspace of over 2,000,000 sq. km, including one continental area, one oceanic area and the airspace of the Western Sahara. It also handles flights entering ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indra Sistemas
Indra Sistemas, S.A. () is a Spanish information technology and defense systems company. Indra is listed on the Bolsa de Madrid and is a constituent of the IBEX 35 index. Indra is organized around three business areas: information technologies, simulation & automatic test equipment, and defense electronic equipment. Indra's portfolio ranges from consultancy, project development, and systems and applications integration to outsourcing of IT systems and business processes. This offer is structured into two primary segments: solutions and services (including outsourcing and application maintenance), and business processes where technology is a strategic and differentiating element ( BPO). Approximately a third of the company's annual revenues come from international markets. By geographical areas, Europe and the United States are the two international markets with the greatest weight and growth for Indra. Latin America is also a geographical area in which Indra is operating. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multilateration
Trilateration is the use of distances (or "ranges") for determining the unknown position coordinates of a point of interest, often around Earth (geopositioning). When more than three distances are involved, it may be called multilateration, for emphasis. The distances or ranges might be ordinary Euclidean distances (slant ranges) or spherical distances (scaled central angles), as in '' true-range multilateration''; or biased distances (pseudo-ranges), as in '' pseudo-range multilateration''. Trilateration or multilateration should not be confused with ''triangulation'', which uses angles for positioning; and ''direction finding'', which determines the line of sight direction to a target without determining the radial distance. Terminology Multiple, sometimes overlapping and conflicting terms are employed for similar concepts – e.g., ''multilateration'' without modification has been used for aviation systems employing both true-ranges and pseudo-ranges."Multilateration (MLAT ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radar
Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the distance ('' ranging''), angle, and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the objects. Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect off the objects and return to the receiver, giving information about the objects' locations and speeds. Radar was developed secretly for military use by several countries in the period before and during World War II. A key development was the cavity magnetron in the United Kingdom, which allowed the creation of relatively small systems with sub-meter resolution. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMGCS
Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System is a system at airports having a surveillance infrastructure consisting of a Non-Cooperative Surveillance (e.g. SMR, Microwave Sensors, Optical Sensors etc.) and Cooperative Surveillance (e.g. Multilateration systems). A-SMGCS has 4 levels, level 1 and 2 have been validated by EUROCONTROL Airport Operations and Environment division in Eurocontrol located in Brussels, Belgium and work is ongoing to verify requirements for further implementation levels in coordination with ICAO, FAA etc. ICAO Definition ICAO Doc 9830 defines A-SMGCS as follows: ''Advanced surface movement guidance and control system (A-SMGCS). A system providing routing, guidance and surveillance for the control of aircraft and vehicles in order to maintain the declared surface movement rate under all weather conditions within the aerodrome visibility operational level (AVOL) while maintaining the required level of safety.'' List of Airports with FAA approved ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surveillance
Surveillance is the monitoring of behavior, many activities, or information for the purpose of information gathering, influencing, managing or directing. This can include observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment, such as closed-circuit television (CCTV), or interception of electronically transmitted information like Internet traffic. It can also include simple technical methods, such as human intelligence gathering and postal interception. Surveillance is used by citizens for protecting their neighborhoods. And by governments for intelligence gathering - including espionage, prevention of crime, the protection of a process, person, group or object, or the investigation of crime. It is also used by criminal organizations to plan and commit crimes, and by businesses to gather intelligence on criminals, their competitors, suppliers or customers. Religious organisations charged with detecting heresy and heterodoxy may also carry out surveillance. Auditors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flight Plan
Flight plans are documents filed by a pilot or flight dispatcher with the local Air Navigation Service Provider (e.g. the FAA in the United States) prior to departure which indicate the plane's planned route or flight path. Flight plan format is specified in ICAO Doc 4444. They generally include basic information such as departure and arrival points, estimated time en route, alternate airports in case of bad weather, type of flight (whether instrument flight rules FRor visual flight rules FR, the pilot's information, number of people on board, and information about the aircraft itself. In most countries, flight plans are required for flights under IFR, but may be optional for flying VFR unless crossing international borders. Flight plans are highly recommended, especially when flying over inhospitable areas such as water, as they provide a way of alerting rescuers if the flight is overdue. In the United States and Canada, when an aircraft is crossing the Air Defense Identif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meteorological
Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not begin until the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions. Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data. It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics, and more particularly in the latter half of the 20th century the development of the computer (allowing for the automated solution of a great many modelling equations) that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. An important branch of weather forecasting is marine weather forecasting as it relates to maritime and coastal safety, in which weather effects also include atmospheric interactions with large bodies of water. Meteorological phe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
