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Road Pricing
Road pricing are user charge, direct charges levied for the use of roads, including Toll road, road tolls, distance or time-based fees, congestion pricing, congestion charges and charges designed to discourage the use of certain classes of vehicle, fuel sources or more polluting vehicles. These charges may be used primarily for revenue generation, usually for road infrastructure financing, or as a transportation demand management tool to reduce peak hour travel behavior, private vehicle travel and the associated traffic congestion or other social and environmental Externality, negative externalities associated with road travel such as tailpipe emissions, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, visual intrusion, noise pollution and road traffic collisions. ''Executive Summary, pp. v''. In most countries toll roads, toll bridges and toll tunnels are often used primarily for revenue generation to repay long-term debt issued to finance the toll facility, or to finance capacity ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toll Booths In The UK
Toll may refer to: Transportation * Toll (fee) a fee charged for the use of a road or waterway ** Toll road, a type of road which for which payment is required for passage ** Road pricing, the modern practice of charging for road use ** Road toll (historic), the historic practice of charging for road use ** Shadow toll, payments made by government to the private sector operator of a road based on the number of vehicles using the road * Road toll (Australia and New Zealand), term for road death toll, i.e., the number of deaths caused annually by road accidents Brands and enterprises * Toll Brothers, Horsham Township, Pennsylvania based construction company founded by brothers Robert I. Toll and Bruce E. Toll * Toll Collect, a transportation support company in Germany * Toll Group, an Australian transportation company ** Toll Domestic Forwarding, an Australian freight forwarder ** Toll Ipec, Australian transportation company ** Toll Resources & Government Logistics Science * Toll ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electronic Road Pricing
The Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system is an electronic toll collection scheme adopted in Singapore to manage traffic by way of road pricing, and as a usage-based taxation mechanism to complement the purchase-based Certificate of Entitlement system. There are a total of 93 ERP gantries located throughout the country, along expressways and roads leading towards the Central Area. As of July 2024, only 19 ERP gantries are in operation and are all in expressways where congestion continues to be severe. The ERP was implemented by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) on 1 April 1998 to replace the preceding Singapore Area Licensing Scheme (ALS) that was first introduced on 11 August 1974 after successfully stress-testing the system with vehicles running at high speed. The system uses open road tolling; vehicles do not stop or slow down to pay tolls. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transport Select Committee
The Transport Select Committee is a select committee of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The remit of the committee is to examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the Department for Transport The Department for Transport (DfT) is a Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom, ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for the English transport network and a limited number of transport ... and its associated public bodies. Its powers, like those of other select committees, are provided for under standing order 152 of the Standing Orders of the House of Commons and its membership is limited to 11 members. Membership Membership of the committee is as follows: 2019-2024 Parliament The chair was elected on 29 January 2020, with the members of the committee being announced on 2 March 2020. Changes 2019-2024 2017-2019 Parliament The election of the chair took place on 12 July 2017, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victoria Transport Policy Institute
The Victoria Transport Policy Institute is a Canadian think tank seeking to improve transportation planning and transportation policy. The institute is an independent research organization dedicated to developing innovative and practical solutions to transportation problems. It is headed by Todd Litman, and it is located in Victoria, British Columbia. The institute often comments on American transportation policies. It generally favors public transportation Public transport (also known as public transit, mass transit, or simply transit) are forms of transport available to the general public. It typically uses a fixed schedule, route and charges a fixed fare. There is no rigid definition of whi ... and alternatives to driving. References Transport organizations based in Canada Transportation planning Think tanks based in Canada {{Canada-transport-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Highway Administration
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. The agency's major activities are grouped into two programs, the Federal-aid Highway Program and the Federal Lands Highway Program. Its role had previously been performed by the Office of Road Inquiry, Office of Public Roads and the Bureau of Public Roads. History Background With the coming of the bicycle in the 1890s, interest grew regarding the improvement of streets and roads in America. The traditional method of putting the burden on maintaining roads on local landowners was increasingly inadequate. In 1893, the federal Office of Road Inquiry (ORI) was founded; in 1905, it was renamed the Office of Public Roads (OPR) and made a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. Demands grew for local and state government to take charge. With the coming of the automobile, urgent efforts were made to upgrade and moderniz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Econ Journal Watch
''Econ Journal Watch'' is a semiannual peer-reviewed electronic journal established in 2004. It is published by the Fraser Institute. According its website, the journal publishes comments on articles appearing in other economics journals, essays, reflections, investigations, and classic critiques. As of 2017, the ''Journal'' maintained a podcast, voiced by Lawrence H. White. As of 2011, the editor-in-chief was Daniel B. Klein, a libertarian economist and professor at George Mason University. In 2018, the managing editor was Jason Briggeman. As of 2022, the Fraser Institute claimed nine Nobel laureates had been on the ''Journal''s advisory council. Studies A 2010 study by Klein and Zeljka Buturovic published in ''Econ Journal Watch'' purported to show that conservatives and libertarians were better informed than liberals about economics. After receiving criticism, the authors adjusted their research questions in a new study, and published its different findings in 2011. Jonath ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
External Costs
In economics, an externality is an indirect cost (external cost) or indirect benefit (external benefit) to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's (or parties') activity. Externalities can be considered as unpriced components that are involved in either consumer or producer consumption. Air pollution from motor vehicles is one example. The cost of air pollution to society is not paid by either the producers or users of motorized transport. Water pollution from mills and factories are another example. All (water) consumers are made worse off by pollution but are not compensated by the market for this damage. The concept of externality was first developed by Alfred Marshall in the 1890s and achieved broader attention in the works of economist Arthur Pigou in the 1920s. The prototypical example of a negative externality is environmental pollution. Pigou argued that a tax, equal to the marginal damage or marginal external cost, (later called a "Pigouv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LKW-Maut
The HGV toll () is the tolling scheme for heavy goods vehicles ({{lang, de, Lastkraftwagen in German) traversing Autobahn road usage with trucks. Charges are based on the distance driven in kilometres, the emission category of the vehicle and the number of axles. Overview As much as 35% of truck miles travelled on Autobahns are generated by foreign lorries. Facing increased pressure from freight traffic passing through and needing an additional source of revenue for motorway maintenance and expansion, in January 2005 Germany implemented a distance-based toll for all lorries of more than twelve tonnes gross weight (later reduced to 7.5 tonnes) using the motorways (Autobahnen). The motorway freight tolling was authorized by the Motorway Toll Act for Heavy Goods Vehicles (introduced on 12 April 2002) and the Toll Regulation (Toll Collect, 2007). Administration The toll is based on the route and the pollution class of the vehicle, its weight and the number of axles. Certain vehicl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vignette (road Tax)
Vignette is a form of road pricing imposed on vehicles, usually in addition to the compulsory road tax, based on a period of time the vehicle may use the road, instead of road tolls that are based on distance travelled. Vignettes are currently used in several European countries. The term originated in France in the 1950s, although vignettes there were not linked to motorway use and no longer exist; it is now used throughout Central Europe, as well as in Italy (''vignetta''). Vignettes are used in Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ..., Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland. In most of these countries a small, coloured sticker is affixed to a vehicle windscreen, but in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Roma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecopass
The Ecopass program was a traffic pollution charge implemented in Milan, Italy, as an urban toll for some motorists traveling within a designated traffic restricted zone or ZTL (), corresponding to the central ''Cerchia dei Bastioni'' area and encircling around . The Ecopass was implemented as a one-year trial program on 2 January 2008, and later extended until 31 December 2009. A public consultation was planned to be conducted early in 2009 to decide if the charge becomes permanent. ''The complete pricing scheme is presented in this article''. Subsequently, the charge-scheme was prolonged until 31 December 2011. ''Official Ecopass page'' Starting from 16 January 2012, a new scheme (called Milan Area C) was introduced, converting it from a pollution-charge to a conventional congestion charge. The primary purpose of the program was to reduce traffic and air pollution, as it was based on a fee structure according to the vehicle's engine emission standards, and to use the funds ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
London Low Emission Zone
The London Low Emission Zone (LEZ) is an area of London in which an European emission standards, emissions standard based charge is applied to non-compliant commercial vehicles. Its aim is to reduce the exhaust emissions of Diesel engine, diesel-powered vehicles in London. This scheme should not be confused with the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ), introduced in April 2019, which applies to all vehicles. Vehicles that do not conform to various emission standards are charged; the others may enter the controlled zone free of charge. The low emission zone started operating on 4 February 2008 with phased introduction of an increasingly stricter regime until 3 January 2012. The scheme is administered by the Transport for London executive agency within the Greater London Authority. The current standard for large commercial vehicles (over 3.5 tonnes) is Euro VI, increased from Euro IV on 1 March 2021. Vehicles need to meet these standards or face a penalty of £100 per day. The new rule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
High-occupancy Toll Lane
A high-occupancy toll lane (HOT lane) is a type of traffic lane or roadway that is available to high-occupancy vehicles and other exempt vehicles without charge; other vehicles are required to pay a road pricing, variable fee that is adjusted in response to demand. Unlike toll roads, drivers have an option to use general purpose lanes, on which a fee is not charged. Express toll lanes, which are less common, operate along similar lines, but do not exempt high-occupancy vehicles. History The HOT concept developed from high-occupancy vehicle lane (HOV) systems in order to increase use of the available capacity, as it was found that HOV lanes were underutilized compared to general purpose lanes. Most implementations are currently in the United States. The first practical implementation was California's formerly private toll 91 Express Lanes, in Orange County, California, in 1995, followed in 1996 by Interstate 15 in California, Interstate 15 in northern San Diego. According to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
