|
Quantum Pseudo-telepathy
Quantum pseudo-telepathy describes the use of quantum entanglement to eliminate the need for classical communications. A nonlocal game is said to display quantum pseudo-telepathy if players who can use entanglement can win it with certainty while players without it can not. The prefix ''pseudo'' refers to the fact that quantum pseudo-telepathy does not involve the exchange of information between any parties. Instead, quantum pseudo-telepathy removes the need for parties to exchange information in some circumstances. Quantum pseudo-telepathy is generally used as a thought experiment to demonstrate the non-local characteristics of quantum mechanics. However, quantum pseudo-telepathy is a real-world phenomenon which can be verified experimentally. It is thus an especially striking example of an experimental confirmation of Bell inequality violations. The magic square game A simple magic square game demonstrating nonclassical correlations was introduced by P. K. Aravind based on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asher Peres
Asher Peres (; January 30, 1934 – January 1, 2005) was an Israeli physicist. Peres is best known for his work relating quantum mechanics and information theory. He helped to develop the Peres–Horodecki criterion for quantum entanglement, as well as the concept of quantum teleportation, and collaborated with others on quantum information and special relativity. He also introduced the Peres metric and researched the Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation in general relativity. With Mario Feingold, he published work in quantum chaos that is known to mathematicians as the Feingold–Peres conjecture and to physicists as the Feingold–Peres theory. Life According to his autobiography, he was born ''Aristide Pressman'' in Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne in France, where his father, a Polish electrical engineer, had found work laying down power lines. He was given the name ''Aristide'' at birth, because the name his parents wanted, ''Asher'', the name of his maternal grandfather, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Introduction To Quantum Mechanics
Quantum mechanics is the study of matter and its interactions with energy on the orders of magnitude (length), scale of atomic and elementary particle, subatomic particles. By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the Moon. Classical physics is still used in much of modern science and technology. However, towards the end of the 19th century, scientists discovered phenomena in both the large (Macroscopic scale, macro) and the small (Microscopic scale, micro) worlds that classical physics could not explain. The desire to resolve inconsistencies between observed phenomena and classical theory led to a revolution in physics, a shift in the original scientific paradigm: the development of quantum mechanics. Many aspects of quantum mechanics are counterintuitive and can seem paradoxical because they describe behavior quite different from that seen at larger scales. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pauli Matrices
In mathematical physics and mathematics, the Pauli matrices are a set of three complex matrices that are traceless, Hermitian, involutory and unitary. Usually indicated by the Greek letter sigma (), they are occasionally denoted by tau () when used in connection with isospin symmetries. \begin \sigma_1 = \sigma_x &= \begin 0&1\\ 1&0 \end, \\ \sigma_2 = \sigma_y &= \begin 0& -i \\ i&0 \end, \\ \sigma_3 = \sigma_z &= \begin 1&0\\ 0&-1 \end. \\ \end These matrices are named after the physicist Wolfgang Pauli. In quantum mechanics, they occur in the Pauli equation, which takes into account the interaction of the spin of a particle with an external electromagnetic field. They also represent the interaction states of two polarization filters for horizontal/vertical polarization, 45 degree polarization (right/left), and circular polarization (right/left). Each Pauli matrix is Hermitian, and together w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wheeler–Feynman Absorber Theory
The Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory (also called the Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory), named after its originators, the physicists Richard Feynman and John Archibald Wheeler, is a theory of electrodynamics based on a relativistic correct extension of action at a distance electron particles. The theory postulates no independent electromagnetic field. Rather, the whole theory is encapsulated by the Lorentz-invariant action S of particle trajectories a^\mu(\tau),\,\, b^\mu(\tau),\,\, \cdots defined as S = -\sum_ m_a c \int \sqrt + \sum_ \frac \int \int \delta(ab_\mu ab^\mu) \, da_\nu db^\nu, where ab_\mu \equiv a_\mu - b_\mu. The absorber theory is invariant under time-reversal transformation, consistent with the lack of any physical basis for microscopic time-reversal symmetry breaking. Another key principle resulting from this interpretation, and somewhat reminiscent of Mach's principle and the work of Hugo Tetrode, is that elementary particles are not self-intera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsirelson's Bound
A Tsirelson bound is an upper limit to quantum mechanical correlations between distant events. Given that quantum mechanics violates Bell inequalities (i.e., it cannot be described by a local hidden-variable theory), a natural question to ask is how large can the violation be. The answer is precisely the Tsirelson bound for the particular Bell inequality in question. In general, this bound is lower than the bound that would be obtained if more general theories, only constrained by "no-signalling" (i.e., that they do not permit communication faster than light), were considered, and much research has been dedicated to the question of why this is the case. The Tsirelson bounds are named after Boris S. Tsirelson (or Cirel'son, in a different transliteration), the author of the article in which the first one was derived. Bound for the CHSH inequality The first Tsirelson bound was derived as an upper bound on the correlations measured in the CHSH inequality. It states that if we have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples include the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two spin states (left-handed and the right-handed circular polarization) can also be measured as horizontal and vertical linear polarization. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other. However, quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent superposition of multiple states simultaneously, a property that is fundamental to quantum mechanics and quantum computing. Etymology The coining of the term ''qubit'' is attributed to Benjamin Schumacher. In the acknow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Information Science
Quantum information science is a field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics with information theory to study the processing, analysis, and transmission of information. It covers both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum physics, including the limits of what can be achieved with quantum information. The term quantum information theory is sometimes used, but it does not include experimental research and can be confused with a subfield of quantum information science that deals with the processing of quantum information. Scientific and engineering studies Quantum teleportation, Quantum entanglement, entanglement and the manufacturing of quantum computers depend on a comprehensive understanding of quantum physics and engineering. Google and IBM have invested significantly in quantum computer hardware research, leading to significant progress in manufacturing quantum computers since the 2010s. Currently, it is possible to create a quantum computer with over 100 qub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kochen–Specker Theorem
In quantum mechanics, the Kochen–Specker (KS) theorem, also known as the Bell–KS theorem, is a "no-go" theorem proved by John S. Bell in 1966 and by Simon B. Kochen and Ernst Specker in 1967. It places certain constraints on the permissible types of hidden-variable theories, which try to explain the predictions of quantum mechanics in a context-independent way. The version of the theorem proved by Kochen and Specker also gave an explicit example for this constraint in terms of a finite number of state vectors. The Kochen–Specker theorem is a complement to Bell's theorem. While Bell's theorem established nonlocality to be a feature of any hidden-variable theory that recovers the predictions of quantum mechanics, the Kochen–Specker theorem established contextuality to be an inevitable feature of such theories. The theorem proves that there is a contradiction between two basic assumptions of the hidden-variable theories intended to reproduce the results of quan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EPR Paradox
EPR may refer to: Science and technology * EPR (nuclear reactor), European Pressurised-Water Reactor * EPR paradox (Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox), in physics * Earth potential rise, in electrical engineering * East Pacific Rise, a mid-oceanic ridge * Electron paramagnetic resonance * Engine pressure ratio, of a jet engine * Ethylene propylene rubber * Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope (Evpatoria planetary radar) * Bernays–Schönfinkel class or effectively propositional, in mathematical logic * WS-Addressing#Endpoint references, Endpoint references in Web addressing * Ethnic Power Relations, dataset of ethnic groups * ePrivacy Regulation (ePR), proposal for the regulation of various privacy-related topics, mostly in relation to electronic communications within the European Union Medicine * Enhanced permeability and retention effect, a controversial concept in cancer research * Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation, a medical procedure * Electronic patient record Environ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Refereed Game
Quantum refereed game in quantum information processing is a class of games in the general theory of quantum games. It is played between two players, Alice and Bob, and arbitrated by a referee. The referee outputs the pay-off for the players after interacting with them for a fixed number of rounds, while exchanging quantum information. Definition An n-turn quantum referee performs n rounds of interaction with the player Alice and Bob. Each interaction involves receiving some quantum states from Alice and Bob, processing the quantum states together with the "left-over" state from the previous interaction, producing some output state, and sending part of the output state to the players. At the end of the n rounds, the referee processes the final state received from the players and decides the pay-off for Alice and Bob. The role of the referee is to pass along qubits to players Alice and Bob. It is the referee's job to entangle the qubits, which is argued to be essential in quantum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Game Theory
Quantum game theory is an extension of classical game theory to the quantum domain. It differs from classical game theory in three primary ways: # Superposed initial states, #Quantum entanglement of initial states, #Superposition of strategies to be used on the initial states. This theory is based on the physics of information much like quantum computing. History In 1969, John Clauser, Michael Horne, Abner Shimony, and Richard Holt (often referred to collectively as "CHSH") wrote an often-cited paper describing experiments which could be used to prove Bell's theorem. In one part of this paper, they describe a game where a player could have a better chance of winning by using quantum strategies than would be possible classically. While game theory was not explicitly mentioned in this paper, it is an early outline of how quantum entanglement could be used to alter a game. In 1999, a professor in the math department at the University of California at San Diego named David A. Me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GHZ State
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), often described as being equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second. The hertz is an SI derived unit whose formal expression in terms of SI base units is 1/s or s−1, meaning that one hertz is one per second or the reciprocal of one second. It is used only in the case of periodic events. It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894), the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. For high frequencies, the unit is commonly expressed in multiples: kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz), gigahertz (GHz), terahertz (THz). Some of the unit's most common uses are in the description of periodic waveforms and musical tones, particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications. It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven. The units are sometimes also used as a representation of the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
