Pharmacy In The United Kingdom
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Pharmacy In The United Kingdom
Pharmacy in the United Kingdom has been an integral part of the National Health Service since it was established in 1948. Unlike the rest of the NHS, pharmacies are largely privately provided apart from those in hospitals, and even these are now often privately run. History The trade in medicines in the United Kingdom was initially regulated by the Guild of Pepperers from 1180. In 1345 some members of the Guild of Pepperers founded the Worshipful Company of Grocers, which operated until 1617 and was responsible for assuring the quality of food and drugs. Their drugs business was replaced by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries (one of the 110 Livery companies), which was founded in 1617, by permission of King James I, and its members were responsible for training apprentices for 7 years as the future new members. Silvanus Bevan received 7 years of training and later co-founded Allen & Hanburys in 1715, now part of GlaxoSmithKline. The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Brita ...
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National Health Service
The National Health Service (NHS) is the term for the publicly funded health care, publicly funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom: the National Health Service (England), NHS Scotland, NHS Wales, and Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland) which was created separately and is often referred to locally as "the NHS". The original three systems were established in 1948 (NHS Wales/GIG Cymru was founded in 1969) as part of major social reforms following the Second World War. The founding principles were that services should be comprehensive, universal and free at the point of delivery. Each service provides a comprehensive range of health services, provided without charge for residents of the United Kingdom apart from dental treatment and optical care. In England, NHS patients have to pay prescription charges; some, such as those aged over 60, or those on certain state benefits, are exempt. Taken together, the four services in 2015–16 employed around 1.6 million people ...
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Vaughan Gething
Humphrey Vaughan ap David Gething (born 15 March 1974) is a Welsh Labour Co-op politician who served as First Minister of Wales from March to August 2024, and served as leader of Welsh Labour from March to July 2024, making him the first black leader of any European country. He has been the Member of the Senedd (MS) for Cardiff South and Penarth since 2011. Gething was born in Zambia to a Welsh father and Zambian mother. He moved to Britain as a child and studied law at Aberystwyth University and Cardiff Law School, at the University of Cardiff. He trained as a solicitor with Cardiff-based firm Thompsons and subsequently specialised in employment law. Gething joined the Labour Party when he was 17 and contested Mid and West Wales for Labour in the inaugural elections to the National Assembly for Wales in 1999. He later represented Butetown electoral ward on Cardiff Council from 2004 to 2008. Gething was elected to the Senedd at the 2011 National Assembly for Wales ...
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Prescription Charges
In the United Kingdom most medicines are supplied via the National Health Service at either no charge, or for a fixed charge for up to three months' worth of any medicine. Charges for prescriptions for medicines and some medical appliances are payable by adults in England under the age of 60, but not by older people or children. However, people may be exempt from charges in various exemption categories. Charges were abolished by NHS Wales in 2007, Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland in 2010 and by NHS Scotland in 2011. In 2010/11, in England, £450million was raised through these charges, some 0.5% of the total NHS budget. the prescription charge is £9.90 per item. Ireland also has a system of fixed charges rather than individually priced medicines, but the details are totally different. History When the National Health Service was established in 1948 all prescriptions were free. The power to make a charge was introduced in the NHS Amendment Act 1949 under pressure fro ...
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Drug Policy Of The United Kingdom
Drugs considered addictive or dangerous in the United Kingdom are called "controlled substances" and regulated by law. Until 1964 the medical treatment of dependent drug users was separated from the punishment of unregulated use and supply. Under this policy drug use remained low; there was relatively little recreational use and few dependent users, who were prescribed drugs by their doctors as part of their treatment. From 1964 drug use was decreasingly criminalised, with the framework still in place largely determined by the Misuse of Drugs Act. History Until 1916 drug use was hardly controlled, and widely available opium and coca preparations commonplace. Between 1916 and 1928 concerns about the use of these drugs by troops on leave from the First World War and then by people associated with the London criminal society gave rise to some controls being implemented. The distribution and use of morphine and cocaine, and later cannabis, were criminalised, but these drugs were av ...
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Doncaster
Doncaster ( ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, city in South Yorkshire, England. Named after the River Don, Yorkshire, River Don, it is the administrative centre of the City of Doncaster metropolitan borough, and is the second largest settlement in South Yorkshire after Sheffield. Noted for its Horse racing in Great Britain, racing and History of rail transport in Great Britain , railway history, it is situated in the Don Valley on the western edge of the Humberhead Levels and east of the Pennines. It had a population of 87,455 at the 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 census, whilst its urban area, built-up area had a population of 160,220, and the wider metropolitan borough had a population of 308,100. Adjacent to Doncaster to its east is the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire, which contains the towns of Haxey, Epworth, Lincolnshire, Epworth and Crowle, Lincolnshire, Crowle, and directly south is Harworth Bircotes in Nottinghamshire. Also, within the city's vicinity are Bar ...
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Flu Vaccination
Influenza vaccines, colloquially known as flu shots or the flu jab, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza. Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s, with large-scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945. Both the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over the age of six months, especially those at high risk, and the influenza vaccine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) also recommends yearly vaccination of high-risk groups, particularly pregnant women, the elderly, children between six months and five years, and those with certain hea ...
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National Health Service Act 1977
The National Health Service Act 1977 (c. 49) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that sought to remove private provision from the National Health Service in England and Wales. Background The Labour Party manifesto for the 1974 general election had included a pledge to abolish pay beds in the NHS. Barbara Castle, who had been made Secretary of State for Social Services in 1974, stated in the 1975 Queen's Speech debate that, 'The existence of pay beds, with the opportunity it gives to a few senior doctors to make private gain and the opportunity it gives to patients with money to jump the queue, is seen as a bitter affront to those thousands of other staff who are dedicated to the principle of a free health service.' The abolition of private provision in the NHS met with opposition from some doctors who saw it as a threat to their independence and private income. Castle was also pushing to incentivise consultants to commit full time to NHS work (rather than par ...
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Primary Care Trust
Primary care trusts (PCTs) were part of the National Health Service in England from 2001 to 2013. PCTs were largely administrative bodies, responsible for commissioning primary, community and secondary health services from providers. Until 31 May 2011, they also provided community health services directly. Collectively PCTs were responsible for spending around 80 per cent of the total NHS budget. Primary care trusts were abolished on 31 March 2013 as part of the Health and Social Care Act 2012, with their work taken over by clinical commissioning groups. Establishment In 1997 the incoming Labour Government abolished GP Fundholding. In April 1999 they established 481 primary care groups in England "thereby universalising fundholding while repudiating the concept." Primary and community health services were brought together in a single Primary Care Group controlling a unified budget for delivering health care to and improving the health of communities of about 100,000 people. A ...
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Family Health Services Authority
Family practitioner committees were established by the National Health Service Re-organisation Act 1973. They replaced local executive councils, which had been established in 1948 to manage primary care. Executive councils were direct descendants of the insurance committees established by section 59 of the National Insurance Act 1911 but with additional responsibility for NHS dentistry and NHS optician services. Their role was essentially neutral and routine. They played little part in developing the services they administered. There were 138 executive councils in England and Wales and 25 in Scotland. The role of the council was to maintain GPs’ lists of patients and to receive practitioners’ claims for payment. It was headed by an administrator with managerial control only over the staff, not the practitioners. Each family practitioner committee had thirty members, eleven of which were appointed by the area health authority with which it was coterminous. Eight were app ...
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Adalimumab
Adalimumab, sold under the brand name Humira and others, is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug and monoclonal antibody used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, and uveitis. It is administered by subcutaneous injection (injection under the skin). It works by inactivating tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNFα). Common side effects include upper respiratory tract infections, pain at the site of injection, rash, and headache. Other side effects may include serious infections, cancer, anaphylaxis, reactivation of hepatitis B, new onset or exacerbation of demyelinating diseases (such as multiple sclerosis), heart failure, liver failure, and aplastic anemia. Use during pregnancy is not recommended, but some sources show use during breastfeeding may be safe. Adalimumab was approved for medical use in the United States in 2002 ...
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Primary Care Network
A Primary care network is a structure which brings general practitioners together on an area basis, possibly with other clinicians, to address chronic disease management and prevention. the term is used in England, Singapore and Alberta. England Primary care networks were introduced into the National Health Service in England as part of the NHS Long Term Plan, published in January 2019. The 2019 General Practitioner contract gave the opportunity for GP practices to join networks, each with between 30,000 and 50,000 patients. The stated aim is to create fully integrated community-based health services which will be an important component of integrated care systems. They are based on GP registered patient lists, and intended to serve natural communities of between 30,000 and 50,000 people. It is the location of the GP, not the patient, which determines which one a patient is attached to. By June 2019 1,259 primary care networks had been established across England, with an average ...
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NHS 111
111 is a free-to-call single non-emergency number medical helpline operating in England, Scotland and Wales. The 111 phone service has replaced the various non-geographic 0845 rate numbers and is part of each country's National Health Service: in England the service is known as NHS 111; in Scotland, NHS 24; and in Wales, NHS 111 Wales. The transition from NHS Direct (0845 4647) to NHS 111 in England was completed during February 2014 with NHS 24 Scotland (08454 24 24 24) following during April 2014. NHS Direct Wales started a phased roll-out of a similar 111 service in late 2016 and completed it in March 2022. As of June 2018, the 111 number was not in use across Northern Ireland. The NHS 111 service was extended to Northern Ireland from February 2020, although this is for advice relating to the COVID-19 virus only. After dialling, callers will be asked to follow prompts to determine what nation they are calling from. The service is available 24 hours a day, every day of the y ...
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