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Paramythia Executions
The Paramythia executions, also known as the Paramythia massacre (19–29 September 1943) was a combined Nazi and Cham Albanian war crime perpetrated by members of the 1st Mountain Division and the Muslim Cham militia in the town of Paramythia and its surrounding region, during the Axis occupation of Greece, in World War II. In this, 201 Greek villagers were murdered and 19 municipalities in the region of Paramythia were destroyed. The years after the end of the war and the defeat of the Axis Powers, a series a war crime trials condemned these actions, however not a single defendant was ever arrested and brought to trial, as they already had fled into Albania. At the Hostages Trial in Nuremberg (1948), the American judges reached the decision that the executions of Paramythia were "plain murders". Background The town of Paramythia was the administrative center of the Prefecture of Thesprotia before World War II. When the war broke out it had a mixed population of 3,000 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paramythia
Paramythia ( el, Παραμυθιά) is a town and a former municipality in Thesprotia, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Souli, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 342.197 km2. The town's population is 2,730 as of the 2011 census. Paramythia acts as a regional hub for several small villages in the Valley of Paramythia and features shops, schools, a gym, a stadium and a medical center. Primary aspects of the economy are agriculture and trade. The town is built on the slopes of Mount Gorilla and overlooks the valley, below. The Castle of Paramythia was built on a hill in one of the highest points of the town during the Byzantine period and today is open to tourists. The modern Egnatia Highway which links Igoumenitsa with Ioannina, goes through the valley, north of the town of Paramythia. Name During the Byzantine and much of the Ottoman era the town was known in Greek as ''A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Expulsion Of Cham Albanians
The expulsion of Cham Albanians from Greece was the forced migration and ethnic cleansing of thousands of Cham Albanians from settlements of Chameria in Thesprotia, Greece - after the Second World War to Albania, at the hands of elements of the Greek Resistance: the National Republican Greek League (EDES) (1944) and EDES veteran resistance fighters (1945);Evergeti, Venetia; Hatziprokopiou, Panos and Nicolas Prevelakis (2014)Greece. In Cesari, Jocelyn (ed). ''The Oxford Handbook of European Islam''. Oxford University Press. p. 352. the expulsion was encouraged by the Allied mission under Colonel C.M. Woodhouse.Document 89/57/45 PRO/FO 371/48094. Cited in: Sozos Ioannis; Baltsiotis, Lambros (2018) ''Οι Τσάμηδες στην Ήπειρο (1940 - 1944)'' Panteion University The causes of the expulsion were multifaceted and remain a matter of debate among historians. Modern historiographical narratives argue that the causes involved the pre-existing Greek policies which t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patrol
A patrol is commonly a group of personnel, such as law enforcement officers, military personnel, or security personnel, that are assigned to monitor or secure a specific geographic area. Etymology From French ''patrouiller'', from Old French ''patouiller'' “to paddle, paw about, patrol”, from ''patte'' “a paw”. Military In military tactics, a ''patrol'' is a sub-subunit or small tactical formation, sent out from a military organization by land, sea or air for the purpose of combat, reconnaissance, or a combination of both. The basic task of a patrol is to follow a known route with the purpose of investigating some feature of interest or, in the assignment of a ''fighting patrol'' (U.S. ''combat patrol''), to find and engage the enemy. A patrol can also mean a small cavalry or armoured unit, subordinate to a troop or platoon, usually comprising a section or squad of mounted troopers, or two armoured fighting vehicles (often tanks). Law enforcement In n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scouting
Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worldwide youth Social movement, movement employing the Scout method, a program of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, Backpacking (wilderness), backpacking, and sports. Another widely recognized movement characteristic is the Scout uniform, by intent hiding all differences of social standing in a country and encouraging equality, with neckerchief and campaign hat or comparable headwear. Distinctive uniform insignia include the fleur-de-lis and the trefoil, as well as Scout badge, merit badges and other patches. In 1907, Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, Robert Baden-Powell, a Lieutenant General in the British Army, held a Brownsea Island Scout camp, Scouting encampment on Brownsea Island in England. Baden-Powell wrote ''Scouting for Boys'' (London, 1908), partly based on his earlier military books. The Scout Movement of both Boy Scouts and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German People
, native_name_lang = de , region1 = , pop1 = 72,650,269 , region2 = , pop2 = 534,000 , region3 = , pop3 = 157,000 3,322,405 , region4 = , pop4 = 21,000 3,000,000 , region5 = , pop5 = 125,000 982,226 , region6 = , pop6 = 900,000 , region7 = , pop7 = 142,000 840,000 , region8 = , pop8 = 9,000 500,000 , region9 = , pop9 = 357,000 , region10 = , pop10 = 310,000 , region11 = , pop11 = 36,000 250,000 , region12 = , pop12 = 25,000 200,000 , region13 = , pop13 = 233,000 , region14 = , pop14 = 211,000 , region15 = , pop15 = 203,000 , region16 = , pop16 = 201,000 , region17 = , pop17 = 101,000 148,00 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guerilla
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility, to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military. Although the term "guerrilla warfare" was coined in the context of the Peninsular War in the 19th century, the tactical methods of guerrilla warfare have long been in use. In the 6th century BC, Sun Tzu proposed the use of guerrilla-style tactics in ''The Art of War''. The 3rd century BC Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus is also credited with inventing many of the tactics of guerrilla warfare through what is today called the Fabian strategy. Guerrilla warfare has been used by various factions throughout history and is particularly associated with revolutionary movements and popular resistance against invading or occupying armies. Guerrilla tactics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Këshilla
Këshilla (literally meaning "Council" in Albanian; el, Ξίλια, translit=Xilia) was an Albanian administration in Thesprotia, Greece, during the Axis occupation of Greece (1941-1944). It was set up during the Fascist Italian occupation with the aim of annexing the Greek region into a greater Albanian state and continued its operations under Nazi German occupation until the defeat of Axis Powers and the end of World War II.Kretsi, Georgia.The Secret Past of the Greek-Albanian Borderlands. Cham Muslim Albanians: Perspectives on a Conflict "Albanian political administration called ‘Këshilla’ was founded in 1942, and after 1943 it was completed with its own armed forces as well as a gendarmerie". This initiative was undertaken by the Cham Albanian leaders of the Dino family, in particular the brothers Nuri and Mazar Dino, who "trapped" the majority of the Cham community into supporting the council. The policy of ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Këshilla and other parami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albanian Government
Albania is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic, where the President of Albania is the head of state and the Prime Minister of Albania the head of government in a multi-party system. The executive power is exercised by the Government and the Prime Minister with its Cabinet. Legislative power is vested in the Parliament of Albania. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The political system of Albania is laid out in the 1998 constitution. The Parliament adopted the current constitution on 28 November 1998. Historically Albania has had many constitutions. Initially constituted as a monarchy in 1913, Albania became briefly a republic in 1925, and then a democratic monarchy in 1928. In 1939 Albania was invaded by Fascist Italian forces, imposing a puppet state, and later occupied by Nazi German forces. Following the partisan liberation from the Nazis in 1944 a provisional government was formed, which by 1946 had transformed into a Communist on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xhemil Dino
Xhemil Dino (1894–1972) was an Albanian politician and diplomat. He was born in Preveza in the Janina Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire on 21 December 1894 to a branch of the notable Dino family of the area. He studied in Galatasaray High School and after the declaration of independence of Albania he was elected deputy of Dibër. He was a delegate from Albania to the Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Assembly of the League of Nations (1925–1927). He became ambassador of Albania to the United Kingdom in 1932. During the era of the monarchy King Zog appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs. During the Italian occupation of Albania Xhemil Dino was given the rank of an ambassador in the Italian service. After occupied by the Axis forces (1941–1944), Xhemil Dino was appointed the High Commissioner of Thesprotia (Cameria) and actively collaborated with the Italian and German forces.Hermann Frank MeyerBlutiges Edelweiß: die 1. Gebirgs-Division im Zweiten Weltkrieg.Ch. Links Verlag, 2008, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Albania
Greater Albania is an irredentist and nationalist concept that seeks to unify the lands that many Albanians consider to form their national homeland. It is based on claims on the present-day or historical presence of Albanian populations in those areas. In addition to the existing Albania, the term incorporates claims to regions in the neighbouring states, the areas include Kosovo, the Preševo Valley of Serbia, territories in southern Montenegro, northwestern Greece (the Greek regional units of Thesprotia and Preveza, referred by Albanians as Chameria, and other territories that were part of the Vilayet of Yanina during the Ottoman Empire),. and a western part of North Macedonia. The unification of an even larger area into a single territory under Albanian authority had been theoretically conceived by the League of Prizren, an organization of the 19th century whose goal was to unify the Albanian inhabited lands (and other regions, mostly from the regions of Macedonia and Epir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Propaganda Of Fascist Italy
The propaganda used by the National Fascist Party (PNF) in the years leading up to and during Benito Mussolini's leadership of Italy (1922–1943) was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of Fascist policies. History of Fascist propaganda Early Fascist Party (1919–1922) Since the formation of the Italian Fasces of Combat in 1919, the Fascists made heavy use of propaganda, including wikt:pageantry, pageantry and rhetoric, to inspire the nation into the unity that would obey. The Party's main propaganda tool was ''Il Popolo d'Italia'' ("The People of Italy"), a newspaper founded by Benito Mussolini in 1914, advocating militarism and Italian irredentism. During these years, Fascist propaganda was mostly targeted at opposing the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), the largest political movement in the country and the Fascists' main antagonist to power. The PSI was accused of being a sock puppet of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
