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Proper Class
Proper may refer to: Mathematics * Proper map, in topology, a property of continuous function between topological spaces, if inverse images of compact subsets are compact * Proper morphism, in algebraic geometry, an analogue of a proper map for algebraic varieties * Proper transfer function, a transfer function in control theory in which the degree of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the denominator * Proper equilibrium, in game theory, a refinement of the Nash equilibrium * Proper subset * Proper space * Proper class * Proper complex random variable Other uses * Proper (liturgy), the part of a Christian liturgy that is specific to the date within the Liturgical Year * Proper frame, such system of reference in which object is stationary (non moving), sometimes also called a co-moving frame * Proper (heraldry), in heraldry, means depicted in natural colors * Proper Records, a UK record label * ''Proper'' (album), an album by Into It. Over It. released in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper Map
In mathematics, a function (mathematics), function between topological spaces is called proper if inverse images of compact space, compact subsets are compact. In algebraic geometry, the analogous concept is called a proper morphism. Definition There are several competing definitions of a "proper Function (mathematics), function". Some authors call a function f : X \to Y between two topological spaces if the preimage of every Compact space, compact set in Y is compact in X. Other authors call a map f if it is continuous and ; that is if it is a Continuous map, continuous closed map and the preimage of every point in Y is Compact set, compact. The two definitions are equivalent if Y is Locally compact space, locally compact and Hausdorff space, Hausdorff. Let f : X \to Y be a closed map, such that f^(y) is compact (in X) for all y \in Y. Let K be a compact subset of Y. It remains to show that f^(K) is compact. Let \left\ be an open cover of f^(K). Then for all k \in K this is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper Morphism
In algebraic geometry, a proper morphism between schemes is an analog of a proper map between complex analytic spaces. Some authors call a proper variety over a field k a complete variety. For example, every projective variety over a field k is proper over k. A scheme X of finite type over the complex numbers (for example, a variety) is proper over C if and only if the space X(C) of complex points with the classical (Euclidean) topology is compact and Hausdorff. A closed immersion is proper. A morphism is finite if and only if it is proper and quasi-finite. Definition A morphism f:X\to Y of schemes is called universally closed if for every scheme Z with a morphism Z\to Y, the projection from the fiber product :X \times_Y Z \to Z is a closed map of the underlying topological space In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a Geometry, geometrical space in which Closeness (mathematics), closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a nu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper Transfer Function
In control theory, a proper transfer function is a transfer function in which the degree of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the denominator. A strictly proper transfer function is a transfer function where the degree of the numerator is less than In mathematics, an inequality is a relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions. It is used most often to compare two numbers on the number line by their size. The main types of inequality ar ... the degree of the denominator. The difference between the degree of the denominator (number of poles) and degree of the numerator (number of zeros) is the ''relative degree'' of the transfer function. Example The following transfer function: : \textbf(s) = \frac = \frac is proper, because : \deg(\textbf(s)) = 4 \leq \deg(\textbf(s)) = 4 . is biproper, because : \deg(\textbf(s)) = 4 = \deg(\textbf(s)) = 4 . but is not strictly proper, because : \deg(\textbf(s)) = 4 \nless \deg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper Equilibrium
Proper equilibrium is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium by Roger B. Myerson. Proper equilibrium further refines Reinhard Selten's notion of a trembling hand perfect equilibrium by assuming that more costly trembles are made with significantly smaller probability than less costly ones. Definition Given a normal form game and a parameter \epsilon > 0, a totally mixed strategy profile \sigma is defined to be \epsilon-proper if, whenever a player has two pure strategies s and s' such that the expected payoff of playing s is smaller than the expected payoff of playing s' (that is u(s,\sigma_) Example The game to the right is a varia ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper Subset
In mathematics, a set ''A'' is a subset of a set ''B'' if all elements of ''A'' are also elements of ''B''; ''B'' is then a superset of ''A''. It is possible for ''A'' and ''B'' to be equal; if they are unequal, then ''A'' is a proper subset of ''B''. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). ''A'' is a subset of ''B'' may also be expressed as ''B'' includes (or contains) ''A'' or ''A'' is included (or contained) in ''B''. A ''k''-subset is a subset with ''k'' elements. When quantified, A \subseteq B is represented as \forall x \left(x \in A \Rightarrow x \in B\right). One can prove the statement A \subseteq B by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:Let sets ''A'' and ''B'' be given. To prove that A \subseteq B, # suppose that ''a'' is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A # show that ''a'' is an element of ''B''. The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of univers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper Space
This is a glossary of some terms used in Riemannian geometry and metric geometry — it doesn't cover the terminology of differential topology. The following articles may also be useful; they either contain specialised vocabulary or provide more detailed expositions of the definitions given below. * Connection * Curvature * Metric space * Riemannian manifold See also: * Glossary of general topology * Glossary of differential geometry and topology * List of differential geometry topics Unless stated otherwise, letters ''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'' below denote metric spaces, ''M'', ''N'' denote Riemannian manifolds, , ''xy'', or , xy, _X denotes the distance between points ''x'' and ''y'' in ''X''. Italic ''word'' denotes a self-reference to this glossary. ''A caveat'': many terms in Riemannian and metric geometry, such as ''convex function'', ''convex set'' and others, do not have exactly the same meaning as in general mathematical usage. __NOTOC__ A Affine connection ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper Class
Proper may refer to: Mathematics * Proper map, in topology, a property of continuous function between topological spaces, if inverse images of compact subsets are compact * Proper morphism, in algebraic geometry, an analogue of a proper map for algebraic varieties * Proper transfer function, a transfer function in control theory in which the degree of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the denominator * Proper equilibrium, in game theory, a refinement of the Nash equilibrium * Proper subset * Proper space * Proper class * Proper complex random variable Other uses * Proper (liturgy), the part of a Christian liturgy that is specific to the date within the Liturgical Year * Proper frame, such system of reference in which object is stationary (non moving), sometimes also called a co-moving frame * Proper (heraldry), in heraldry, means depicted in natural colors * Proper Records, a UK record label * ''Proper'' (album), an album by Into It. Over It. released in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complex Random Variable
In probability theory and statistics, complex random variables are a generalization of real-valued random variables to complex numbers, i.e. the possible values a complex random variable may take are complex numbers. Complex random variables can always be considered as pairs of real random variables: their real and imaginary parts. Therefore, the #Cumulative distribution function, distribution of one complex random variable may be interpreted as the Joint probability distribution, joint distribution of two real random variables. Some concepts of real random variables have a straightforward generalization to complex random variables—e.g., the definition of the #Expectation, mean of a complex random variable. Other concepts are unique to complex random variables. Applications of complex random variables are found in digital signal processing, quadrature amplitude modulation and information theory. Definition A complex random variable Z on the probability space (\Omega,\mathcal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper (liturgy)
The proper (Latin: ''proprium'') is a part of the Christian liturgy that varies according to the date, either representing an observance within the liturgical year, or of a particular saint or significant event. The term is used in contrast to the '' ordinary'', which is that part of the liturgy that is reasonably constant, or at least selected without regard to date, or to the ''common'', which contains those parts of the liturgy that are common to an entire category of saints, such as apostles or martyrs. Propers may include hymns and prayers in the canonical hours and in the Eucharist. West The proper of the Mass, strictly speaking, consists of the Introit, Gradual, Alleluia or Tract, Sequence In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called ''elements'', or ''terms''). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is cal ..., Offertory, and Communion – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper Frame
A proper frame, or comoving frame, is a frame of reference that is attached to an object. The object in this frame is stationary within the frame, which is useful for many types of calculations. For example, a freely falling elevator is a proper frame for a free-falling object in the elevator, while the surface of the Earth is not. But, for an object on the Earth's surface, the Earth's surface is a proper frame while the falling elevator is not a proper frame. Proper frames can be inertial and non-inertial, as in the example above. The use of a proper frame is essential for the investigation of physical laws within the framework of general relativity. The term comoving frame is also a good description of a non-inertial frame, which is useful for many of the same uses as we mentioned previously. One advantage of proper frame and comoving frame is that the two frames must always maintain the same spatial position (i. "in the frame" - e.g. on the same frame of reference). This inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper (heraldry)
Tinctures are the colours, metals, and furs used in heraldry. Nine tinctures are in common use: two metals, '' or'' (gold or yellow) and '' argent'' (silver or white); the colours '' gules'' (red), '' azure'' (blue), '' vert'' (green), '' sable'' (black), and '' purpure'' (purple); and the furs '' ermine'', which represents the winter fur of a stoat, and '' vair'', which represents the fur of a red squirrel. The use of other tinctures varies depending on the time period and heraldic tradition in question. Where the tinctures are not depicted in full colour, they may be represented using one of several systems of hatching, in which each tincture is assigned a distinct pattern, or tricking, in which each tincture is designated by a letter or abbreviation. Historically, particularly between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, the tinctures were sometimes associated with the planets, precious stones, virtues, and elements. However, in contemporary heraldry they are not assi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proper Records
Proper Records is an English record label founded by Proper Music Group Chairman – Malcolm Mills and Paul Riley. Commencing with a handful of releases, including the Balham Alligators and Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers, the label grew in stature and renown through its reissue marque, 'Proper Box'. Featuring jazz, country, and rock and roll artists, these releases now total over 200. The label has become better known for releasing new albums by contemporary artists such as Bonnie Raitt, Joan Baez, Richard Thompson, Nick Lowe, Dr. John, Los Lobos, Willie Nelson & Asleep at the Wheel, The Blind Boys of Alabama, Loudon Wainwright III and many more. Subsidiary labels include Specific Jazz and Navigator Records. The company was based on an industrial estate in south London but relocated to Surrey Quays in 2017. Sister company Proper Music Distribution has won the ''Music Week'' Distributor of the Year Award three times. Roster * Aimee Mann * Alison Moorer * Andy Fairwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
