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Physcia Leptalea
''Physcia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. The widely distributed genus contains about 80 species. The genus is cosmopolitan, and has been extensively studied in various regions in the past several decades, with significant biodiversity in South America identified as a central diversity hotspot. ''Physcia'' species are foliose, lichens that grow with a loose to close appressed habit. Their upper surface is typically whitish, pale greenish, green-grey, or dark grey in colour. The thallus colour remains relatively unchanged when moistened. ''Physcia'' lichens typically grow on bark, on wood, or rock, although they have occasionally been recorded dwelling on man-made structures. They thrive in nutrient-rich environments and are expanding rapidly in urban areas of the United Kingdom previously affected by SO2 pollution. The main characteristics that separate ''Physcia'' from similar genera in the same order, including ''Dirinaria'', ''Heterodermia' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physcia Millegrana
''Physcia millegrana'', commonly known as the mealy rosette lichen, is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Physciaceae. It is common in the eastern United States. It was formally described as a new species in 1940 by the lichenologist Gunnar Degelius. This gray lichen with a pale underside is characterized by its coarse soredia (granular vegetative propagules) that are densely distributed the margins of , giving them a somewhat ruffled appearance. Secondary metabolites (lichen product Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol deri ...s) found in ''Physcia millegrana'' include atraric acid, methyl 3-hydroxy orsellinate, and divaricatic acid. References millegrana Lichen species Lichens described in 1940 Lichens of the United States Ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dirinaria
''Dirinaria'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Caliciaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ... regions, and contains about 35 species. Species *'' Dirinaria aegialita'' (1968) *'' Dirinaria applanata'' (1970) *'' Dirinaria aspera'' (1964) *'' Dirinaria batavica'' (1975) *'' Dirinaria complicata'' (1975) *'' Dirinaria confluens'' (1975) *'' Dirinaria consimilis'' (1970) *'' Dirinaria flava'' (1971) *'' Dirinaria flavida'' (2019) *'' Dirinaria frostii'' (1970) *'' Dirinaria melanoclina'' (1975) *'' Dirinaria minuta'' (2001) *'' Dirinaria neotropica'' (2004) *'' Dirinaria picta'' (1931) *'' Dirinaria pruinosa'' (2001) *'' Dirinaria purpurascens'' (1968) *'' Dirinaria sekikaica'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichenicolous Fungi
A lichenicolous fungus is a member of a specialised group of fungi that live exclusively on lichens as their host (biology), host organisms. These fungi, comprising over 2,000 known species across 280 genera, exhibit a wide range of ecological strategies, including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism (biology), mutualism. They can be found in diverse environments worldwide, from tropical to Polar regions of Earth, polar regions, and play important roles in lichen ecology and biodiversity. Lichenicolous fungi are classified into several taxonomic groups, with the majority belonging to the Ascomycota and a smaller portion to the Basidiomycota. Their interactions with host lichens range from mild parasitism to severe pathogenicity, sometimes causing significant damage to lichen communities. While the study of lichenicolous fungi dates back to the mid-18th century, recent decades have seen significant advancements through modern research methods, including molecular phylogenetics, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edvard August Vainio
Edvard August Vainio (born Edvard Lang; 5 August 185314 May 1929) was a Finnish lichenology, lichenologist. His early works on the lichens of Lapland (Finland), Lapland, his three-volume monograph on the lichen genus ''Cladonia'', and, in particular, his study of the taxonomy (biology), classification and morphology (biology), form and structure of lichens in Brazil, made Vainio renowned internationally in the field of lichenology. Young Vainio's friendship with university student Johan Petter Norrlin, who was nearly eleven years older, helped him develop an impressive knowledge of the local cryptogams (ferns, mosses, algae, and fungi, including lichens) and afforded him ample opportunity to hone his collection and identification (biology), identification techniques at an early age. It was through this association that Vainio met Norrlin's teacher, the prominent lichenologist William Nylander (botanist), William Nylander, who supported his early botanical efforts. Vainio's earl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Christian Daniel Von Schreber
Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber (17 January 1739 – 10 December 1810), often styled J.C.D. von Schreber, was a German Natural history, naturalist. Career Schreber was appointed professor of'' materia medica'' at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, University of Erlangen in 1769. In 1774, he began writing a multivolume set of books entitled ''Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen'', which focused on the mammals of the world. Many of the animals included were given a scientific name for the first time, following the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus. From 1791 until his death in 1810, he was the president of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1787. In April 1795, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society Numerous honors were bestowed on him, including the office of an Count Palatine (Imperial), imperial count palatine. Schreber also wrote on entomology, notably ''Schre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortex (botany)
In botany, a cortex is an outer layer of a stem or root in a vascular plant, lying below the epidermis but outside of the vascular bundles. The cortex is composed mostly of large thin-walled parenchyma cells of the ground tissue system and shows little to no structural differentiation. The outer cortical cells often acquire irregularly thickened cell walls, and are called collenchyma cells. Plants Stems and branches In the three dimensional structure of herbaceous stems, the epidermis, cortex and vascular cambium form concentric cylinders around the inner cylindrical core of pith. Some of the outer cortical cells may contain chloroplasts, giving them a green color. They can therefore produce simple carbohydrates through photosynthesis. In woody plants, the cortex is located between the periderm (bark) and the vascular tissue ( phloem, in particular). It is responsible for the transportation of materials into the central cylinder of the root through diffusion and ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spot Test (lichen)
A spot test in lichenology is a spot analysis used to help identify lichens. It is performed by placing a drop of a chemical reagent on different parts of the lichen and noting the colour change (or lack thereof) associated with application of the chemical. The tests are routinely encountered in dichotomous keys for lichen species, and they take advantage of the wide array of lichen products (secondary metabolites) produced by lichens and their uniqueness among taxa. As such, spot tests reveal the presence or absence of chemicals in various parts of a lichen. They were first proposed as a method to help identify species by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1866. Three common spot tests use either 10% aqueous KOH solution (K test), saturated aqueous solution of bleaching powder or calcium hypochlorite (C test), or 5% alcoholic ''p''-phenylenediamine solution (P test). The colour changes occur due to presence of particular secondary metabolites in the lichen. In ide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Section (botany)
In botany, a section () is a taxonomic rank below the genus, but above the species. The subgenus, if present, is higher than the section; and the rank of Series (botany), series, if present, is below the section. Sections may in turn be divided into subsections.Article 4 in Sections are typically used to help organise very large genera, which may have hundreds of species. A botanist wanting to distinguish groups of species may prefer to create a taxon at the rank of section or series to avoid making combinatio nova, new combinations, i.e. many new Binomial nomenclature, binomial names for the species involved. Examples: * ''Lilium'' sectio ''Martagon'' Rchb. are the Turks' cap lilies * ''Plagiochila aerea'' Taylor is the type species of ''Plagiochila'' sect. ''Bursatae'' See also * Section (biology) References Plant sections, Botanical nomenclature, Section Plant taxonomy Fungus sections {{Botany-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atranorin
Atranorin is a chemical substance produced by some species of lichen. It is a secondary metabolite belonging to a group of compounds known as depsides. Atranorin has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. In rare cases, people can have an allergic reaction Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are various conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include Allergic rhinitis, hay fever, Food allergy, food al ... to atranorin. References Further reading * * * * Polyphenols Lichen products {{organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphology (biology)
Morphology (from Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) "form", and λόγος (lógos) "word, study, research") is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, color, pattern, size), as well as the form and structure of internal parts like bones and organs, i.e., anatomy. This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of the overall structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts. History The etymology of the word "morphology" is from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "form", and (), meaning "word, study, research". While the concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle (see Aristotle's biology), the field of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Fried ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyxine
''Pyxine'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Caliciaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution in tropical regions. The presence or absence of the compound lichexanthone is a character used in classifying ''Pyxine '' species; about 20 species contain this compound. This represents the largest group of foliose lichens with the compound. Species *'' Pyxine albovirens'' *'' Pyxine astipitata'' – Brazil *'' Pyxine astridiana'' – neotropical *'' Pyxine australiensis'' – Asia; Australia *'' Pyxine berteriana'' – pantropical *''Pyxine boonpragobiana'' – Thailand *'' Pyxine coccifera'' *'' Pyxine cocoes'' *'' Pyxine cognata'' - pantropical *''Pyxine consocians'' *''Pyxine convexior'' *''Pyxine copelandii'' *''Pyxine cylindrica'' – Papua New Guinea *''Pyxine dactyloschmidtii'' *''Pyxine daedalea'' – Costa Rica *''Pyxine desudans'' – Australia *''Pyxine elixii'' – Australia *''Pyxine endochrysina'' *''Pyxine endocrocea ''Pyxine'' is a g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phaeophyscia
''Phaeophyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens typically appear as leaf-like (foliose) growths that spread across tree bark, rocks, or other surfaces, usually in well-lit, nutrient-rich environments. Their structure consists of short or long that range in colour from pale grey to dark brown, becoming dark green when wet, and they often have dark undersides with root-like attachments (rhizines). The genus is distinguished from its relatives by its unique chemical composition and reproductive features, lacking a substance called atranorin and producing ellipsoidal spores. While some species reproduce through specialised propagules called soredia or isidia, others form small cup-like fruiting bodies (apothecia) on their surface for reproduction. There are over 50 known species of ''Phaeophyscia'' worldwide. Taxonomy ''Phaeophyscia'' was circumscribed by the Swedish lichenologist Roland Moberg in 1977, separating it from the older genu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
