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Outline Of Forgery
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to forgery: Forgery – process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive. Types of forgery * Archaeological forgery * Art forgery * Black propaganda — false information and material that purports to be from a source on one side of a conflict, but is actually from the opposing side * Counterfeiting ** Counterfeit money — types of counterfeit coin include the cliché forgery, the fourrée and the slug ** Counterfeit consumer goods ** Counterfeit medication ** Counterfeit watches ** Unapproved aircraft parts ** Watered stock * False documents * Forgery as covert operation * Identity document forgery ** Fake passport * Literary forgery ** Fake memoirs ** Pseudopigraphy — the false attribution of a work, not always as an act of forgery * Musical forgery — music allegedly written by composers of past eras, but actually composed later by someon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unapproved Aircraft Parts
Unapproved aircraft parts are aircraft parts not approved by civil aviation authorities for installation on type certified aircraft. For example, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines a "standard part" as a part produced in accordance with government regulations, and it defines an "approved part" as a "standard part" that is in accordance with a specific set of criteria and specifications. The FAA standards for approved parts are in FAR 21.305. In the United States parts may be approved through a Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA), with type certification procedures through approval from the agency's approval, through Technical Standard Orders (TSOs), and from conforming to recognized specifications from the aviation industry.Unapproved Aircraft Parts Investigation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forgery Act 1830
The Forgery Act 1830 (11 Geo 4 & 1 Will 4 c 66) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It consolidated into one Act all legislation imposing the death penalty for forgery (except for counterfeiting coins). (It did not apply to Scotland or Ireland.) Two years later the death penalty was abolished for most of these offences, and for the remaining offences in 1837. This Act was adopted in New South Wales by section 1 of the Act 4 Will 4 No 4. The whole Act, except for section 21, was repealed on 1 November 1861 by section 1 of, and the Schedule to, the 24 & 25 Vict c 95. The whole Act, except section 21, was repealed as to New Zealand by section 3 of, and the First Part of the Schedule to, the Repeals Act 1878 (42 Vict No 28). The Forgery Act 1830 was repealed for the Republic of Ireland by sections 2 and 3 and Part 4 oSchedule 2to the Statute Law Revision Act 2007. As to trial of offences under this Act at quarter sessions, see section 17 of the Central Crimina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forgery Of Foreign Bills Act 1803
The Forgery of Foreign Bills Act 1803 (43 Geo 3 c 139) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Prior to its repeal in 2013, it created offences of forgery of foreign instruments in Scotland. Preamble The preamble read: Section 1 In Scotland, this section read: Repeals This section was repealed for England and Wales by section 31 of the Forgery Act 1830, and for Ireland by section 1 of, and the Schedule to, the 24 & 25 Vict c 95. Sentence A person guilty of an offence under this section was liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years. Section 2 In Scotland, this section provided: Repeals The words omitted were repealed for Scotland by section 2 of the Criminal Justice Act 1948. This section was repealed for England and Wales by section 31 of the Forgery Act 1830, and for Ireland by section 1 of, and the Schedule to, the 24 & 25 Vict c 95. Sentence A person guilty of a second offence under this section was liable to imprisonment for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Signature Forgery
Signature forgery refers to the act of falsely replicating another person's signature A signature (; from la, signare, "to sign") is a Handwriting, handwritten (and often Stylization, stylized) depiction of someone's name, nickname, or even a simple "X" or other mark that a person writes on documents as a proof of identity and .... Methods Several different methods can be used to forge signatures. One method is the "freehand method", whereby the forger, after careful practice, replicates the signature by freehand. Although a difficult method to perfect, this often produces the most convincing results. In the "trace-over method", the sheet of paper containing the genuine signature is placed on top of the paper where the forgery is required. The signature is traced over, appearing as a faint indentation on the sheet of paper underneath. This indentation can then be used as a guide for a signature. Detection A number of characteristics can suggest to an examiner that a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philatelic Fakes And Forgeries
In general, philatelic fakes and forgeries are labels that look like postage stamps but have been produced to deceive or defraud. Learning to identify these can be a challenging branch of philately. To a large extent the definitions below are consistent with those given in the introduction to various recent editions of the ''Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue''. "We use the term ''"forgery"'' to indicate stamps produced to defraud collectors (properly known as forgeries) and to defraud stamp-issuing governments (properly known as counterfeits). ''"Fake"'' is used to indicate the alteration of a genuine stamp to make it appear as something else. Fakes might refer to cancellations, overprints, added or clipped perforations, stamp design alterations, etc." While difficult to do today, one famous case is the Stock Exchange forgery of the late 19th century. Questions are often raised about when a stamp is legitimately produced for postage. Matthew Karanian has proposed th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musical Hoax
A musical hoax (also musical forgery and musical mystification) is a piece of music composed by an individual who intentionally misattributes it to someone else. Ascribed to historical figures * Henri Casadesus ** Viola Concerto in B minor by "George Frideric Handel" ** Viola Concerto in C minor by " Johann Christian Bach" ** Viola Concerto in D major by "Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach" ** Violin Concerto in D major by "Luigi Boccherini" * Marius Casadesus ** ''Adélaïde Concerto'' by " Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" * Samuel Dushkin ** ''Grave for violin and orchestra'' by " Johann Georg Benda" ** ''Sicilienne for strings and clavier'' by "Maria Theresia von Paradis" * François-Joseph Fétis ** ''Lute Concerto'' by " Valentin Strobel" * Remo Giazotto ** ''Adagio in G minor'' by " Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni" * Mikhail Goldstein ** ''Albumblatt'' (Листок из Альбома) by "Alexander Glazunov" ** ''Impromptu'' (Экспромт) by " Mily Balakirev" ** Viola Concerto in C major ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudopigraphy
Pseudepigrapha (also anglicized as "pseudepigraph" or "pseudepigraphs") are falsely attributed works, texts whose claimed author is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past.Bauckham, Richard; "Pseudo-Apostolic Letters", ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', Vo. 107, No. 3, September 1988, pp. 469–94. In biblical studies, the term ''pseudepigrapha'' can refer to an assorted collection of Jewish religious works thought to be written 300 BCE to 300 CE. They are distinguished by Protestants from the deuterocanonical books (Catholic and Orthodox) or Apocrypha (Protestant), the books that appear in extant copies of the Septuagint in the fourth century or later and the Vulgate, but not in the Hebrew Bible or in Protestant Bibles. The Catholic Church distinguishes only between the deuterocanonical and all other books; the latter are called biblical apocrypha, which in Catholic usage includes the pseudepigrapha. In addition, two books ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fake Memoirs
Fake memoirs form a category of literary forgery in which a wholly or partially fabricated autobiography, memoir or journal of an individual is presented as fact. In some cases, the purported author of the work is also a fabrication. In recent years, there have been a number of such memoirs published by major publishers, some that were well received critically and became best-sellers, that have subsequently proven to have been partially or completely fabricated. A number of recent fake memoirs fall into the category of "misery lit", where the authors claim to have overcome overwhelming losses (i.e. bereavement, abuse, addiction, and poverty). Several more have detailed fabricated stories of Holocaust survival, with at least one having been penned by an actual Holocaust victim. As a result of recent best-selling memoirs having been outed for falsification, there have been calls for stronger vetting and fact checking of an author's material. Public reception A number of fake memoir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literary Forgery
Literary forgery (also known as literary mystification, literary fraud or literary hoax) is writing, such as a manuscript or a literary work, which is either deliberately misattributed to a historical or invented author, or is a purported memoir or other presumably nonfictional writing deceptively presented as true when, in fact, it presents untrue or imaginary information or content. History Literary forgery may involve the work of a famous author whose writings have an established intrinsic, as well as monetary, value. In an attempt to gain the rewards of such a reputation, the forger often engages in two distinct activities. The forger produces a writing which resembles the style of the known reputable author to whom the fake is to be attributed. The forger may also fake the physical alleged original manuscript. This is less common, as it requires a great deal of technical effort, such as imitating the ink and paper. The forger then claims that, not only is the style of wr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fake Passport
A fake passport is a counterfeit of a passport (or other travel document) issued by a nation or authorised agency. Such counterfeits are copies of genuine passports, or illicitly modified genuine passports made by unauthorized persons, sometimes called cobblers. Its purpose is to be used deceptively as if it were a legitimate travel or identity document. A passport obtained from an authorized issuer by providing false information may also be considered fake. Such falsified passports can be used to leave a country from which exit is barred, for identity theft, age fabrication, illegal immigration, and organized crime. Other comparable documents include camouflage passports, which are not copies of a valid form of document, but are designed to look like a passport issued by a body that cannot issue legitimate passports, such as "Republic of Mainau", or a "Baltic Trade Mission" diplomatic document. Fantasy passports, such as the World Passport, are passport-like documents issu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Identity Document Forgery
Identity document forgery is the process by which identity documents issued by governing bodies are copied and/or modified by persons not authorized to create such documents or engage in such modifications, for the purpose of deceiving those who would view the documents about the identity or status of the bearer. The term also encompasses the activity of acquiring identity documents from legitimate bodies by falsifying the required supporting documentation in order to create the desired identity. Identity documents differ from other credentials in that they are intended to be usable by only the person holding the card. Unlike other credentials, they may be used to restrict the activities of the holder as well as to expand them. Documents that have been forged in this way include driver's licenses (historically forged or altered as an attempt to conceal the fact that persons desiring to purchase alcohol are under the legal drinking age); birth certificates and Social Security c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
