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On The Fourfold Root Of The Principle Of Sufficient Reason
''On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason'' () is an elaboration on the classical principle of sufficient reason, written by German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer as his doctoral dissertation in 1813. The principle of sufficient reason is a powerful and controversial philosophical principle stipulating that everything must have a reason or cause. Schopenhauer revised and re-published it in 1847. The work articulated the centerpiece of many of Schopenhauer's arguments, and throughout his later works he consistently refers his readers to it as the necessary beginning point for a full understanding of his further writings. Background Historical In January 1813, after suffering their French invasion of Russia, disastrous defeat in Russia, the first remnants of Napoleon's ''Grande Armée'' were arriving in Berlin. The sick and wounded quickly filled up the hospitals, and the risk of an epidemic grew high. A patriotic, militaristic spirit inflamed the city and most o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
On The Fourfold Root, And On The Will In Nature, Page 33
On, on, or ON may refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * On (band), a solo project of Ken Andrews * On (EP), ''On'' (EP), a 1993 EP by Aphex Twin * On (Echobelly album), ''On'' (Echobelly album), 1995 * On (Gary Glitter album), ''On'' (Gary Glitter album), 2001 * On (Imperial Teen album), ''On'' (Imperial Teen album), 2002 * On (Elisa album), ''On'' (Elisa album), 2006 * On (Jean album), ''On'' (Jean album), 2006 * On (Boom Boom Satellites album), ''On'' (Boom Boom Satellites album), 2006 * On (Tau album), ''On'' (Tau album), 2017 * On (song), "On" (song), a 2020 song by BTS * "On", a song by Bloc Party from the 2006 album ''A Weekend in the City'' * "On", a song by Anson Lo, 2023 Other media * ''Ön'', a 1966 Swedish film * On (Japanese prosody), the counting of sound units in Japanese poetry * On (novel), ''On'' (novel), by Adam Roberts * ONdigital, a failed British digital television service, later called ITV Digital * Overmyer Network, a former US television network Places * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German Philosophy, philosopher and one of the central Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential and highly discussed figures in modern Western philosophy. In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, Kant argued that space and time are mere "forms of intuition" that structure all experience and that the objects of experience are mere "appearances". The nature of things as they are in themselves is unknowable to us. Nonetheless, in an attempt to counter the philosophical doctrine of Philosophical skepticism, skepticism, he wrote the ''Critique of Pure Reason'' (1781/1787), his best-known work. Kant drew a parallel to the Copernican Revolution#Immanuel Kant, Copernican Revolution in his proposal to think of the objects of experience as confo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schopenhauer And The Wild Years Of Philosophy
''Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy'' () is a 1987 book by the German writer Rüdiger Safranski. It is a biography about the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. Reception In the '' Journal of the History of Philosophy'', James Snow and Dale E. Snow wrote that Safranski manages to portray Schopenhauer's brusque and hostile character, as well as the suffering and insecurities his behaviour concealed. The critics wrote that the book is at its best when it describes scenes from Schopenhauer's life, but is too sweeping when it portrays his intellectual milieu, and commits outright errors by omitting subjects such as the pantheism controversy and the impacts of Baruch Spinoza, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi and Gottlob Ernst Schulze. Snow and Snow compared the book unfavourably to 's Schopenhauer biography ''Thinker Against the Tide''. References External links Hanser {{Arthur Schopenhauer 1987 non-fiction books Books by Rüdiger Safranski German biographies Arthur Sch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rüdiger Safranski
Rüdiger Safranski (born 1 January 1945) is a German philosopher and author. Life From 1965 to 1972, Safranski studied philosophy (among others, with Theodor W. Adorno), German literature, history and history of art at Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main and as well at the Free University in Berlin (then West Berlin). There, he worked as an assistant lecturer for German literature from 1972 to 1977. He earned a PhD from FU Berlin in 1976 for a dissertation by the title of "Studies on the Development of Working-Class Literature in the Federal Republic of Germany" (original ). In the late 1970s, he worked as the co-publisher and editor of the ''Berliner Hefte'', a journal on literary life. From 1977 to 1982, Safranski worked as a lecturer in adult education. Since 1987 he has worked as a freelance writer. In 2005 he married his longtime girlfriend Gisela Nicklaus. He lives in Berlin and Badenweiler. Works and TV appearances Safranski's most popular works are mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Library
A library is a collection of Book, books, and possibly other Document, materials and Media (communication), media, that is accessible for use by its members and members of allied institutions. Libraries provide physical (hard copies) or electronic media, digital (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location, a virtual space, or both. A library's collection normally includes printed materials which may be borrowed, and usually also includes a reference section of publications which may only be utilized inside the premises. Resources such as commercial releases of films, television programmes, other video recordings, radio, music and audio recordings may be available in many formats. These include DVDs, Blu-rays, CDs, Cassette tape, cassettes, or other applicable formats such as microform. They may also provide access to information, music or other content held on bibliographic databases. In addition, some libraries offer Library makerspace, creation stations for wiktionar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Truth-value
In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth, which in classical logic has only two possible values ('' true'' or '' false''). Truth values are used in computing as well as various types of logic. Computing In some programming languages, any expression can be evaluated in a context that expects a Boolean data type. Typically (though this varies by programming language) expressions like the number zero, the empty string, empty lists, and null are treated as false, and strings with content (like "abc"), other numbers, and objects evaluate to true. Sometimes these classes of expressions are called falsy and truthy. For example, in Lisp, nil, the empty list, is treated as false, and all other values are treated as true. In C, the number 0 or 0.0 is false, and all other values are treated as true. In JavaScript, the empty string (""), null, undefined, NaN, +0, −0 and false are somet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Witelo
Vitello (; ; – 1280/1314) was a Polish friar, theologian, natural philosopher and an important figure in the history of philosophy in Poland. Name Vitello's name varies with some sources. In earlier publications he was quoted as Erazmus Ciolek Witelo, Erazm Ciołek, Vitellio and Vitulon. Today, he is usually referred to by his Latin name Vitello Thuringopolonis, often shortened to Vitello. Life Vitello's exact birth-name and birthplace are uncertain. He was most likely born around 1230 in Silesia, in the vicinity of Legnica. His mother came from a Polish knightly house, while his father was a German settler from Thuringia. He called himself, in Latin, "''Thuringorum et Polonorum filius''" — "a son of Thuringians and Poles." He studied at Padua University about 1260, then went on to Viterbo. He became friends with William of Moerbeke, the translator of Aristotle from Greek language into Latin. Vitello's major surviving work on optics, ''Perspectiva'', complete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A Posteriori
('from the earlier') and ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. knowledge is independent from any experience. Examples include mathematics,Some associationist philosophers have contended that mathematics comes from experience and is not a form of any ''a priori'' knowledge () tautologies and deduction from pure reason. Galen Strawson has stated that an argument is one in which "you can see that it is true just lying on your couch. You don't have to get up off your couch and go outside and examine the way things are in the physical world. You don't have to do any science." () knowledge depends on empirical evidence. Examples include most fields of science and aspects of personal knowledge. The terms originate from the analytic methods found in '' Organon'', a collection of works by Aristotle. Prior analytics () is about deductive logic, which comes from d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Critique Of Pure Reason
The ''Critique of Pure Reason'' (; 1781; second edition 1787) is a book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in which the author seeks to determine the limits and scope of metaphysics. Also referred to as Kant's "First Critique", it was followed by his ''Critique of Practical Reason'' (1788) and ''Critique of Judgment'' (1790). In the preface to the first edition, Kant explains that by a "critique of pure reason" he means a critique "of the faculty of reason in general, in respect of all knowledge after which it may strive ''independently of all experience''" and that he aims to decide on "the possibility or impossibility of metaphysics". Kant builds on the work of Empiricism, empiricist philosophers such as John Locke and David Hume, as well as Rationalism, rationalist philosophers such as René Descartes, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolff (philosopher), Christian Wolff. He expounds new ideas on the nature of Philosophy of space and time, space and time, and trie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perspectivism
Perspectivism (also called perspectivalism) is the epistemological principle that perception of and knowledge of something are always bound to the interpretive perspectives of those observing it. While perspectivism regard all perspectives and interpretations as being of equal truth or value, it holds that no one has access to an absolute view of the world cut off from perspective. Instead, all such occurs from some point of view which in turn affects how things are perceived. Rather than attempt to determine truth by correspondence to things outside any perspective, perspectivism thus generally seeks to determine truth by comparing and evaluating perspectives among themselves.For the perspectivist divergence between truth and value, and its opposition to correspondence theories of truth, see: Including its pre-Nietzschean forms, perspectivism traditionally holds that: "All seeing occurs from some point of view, in accordance with our interests. There is neither a view from n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
