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NATO EPVAT Testing
NATO EPVAT testing is one of the three recognized classes of procedures used in the world to control the safety and quality of firearms ammunition. Beside this, there are also the ''Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives'' (C.I.P.) class of procedures and the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) class of procedures. EPVAT Testing is described in unclassified documents by NATO, more precisely by the AC/225 Army Armaments Group (NAAG). EPVAT is an abbreviation for "Electronic Pressure Velocity and Action Time". Action Time here means the (short amount of) time required between the ignition of the primer and the projectile leaving the barrel. This is a comprehensive procedure for testing ammunition using state-of-the-art instruments and computers. The procedure itself is described in NATO document AC/225 (Com. III/SC.1)D/200. Unlike the C.I.P. procedures aiming only at the user's safety, the NATO procedures for ammu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartridges Comparison
Cartridge may refer to: Objects * Cartridge (firearms) A cartridge or a round is a type of pre-assembled firearm ammunition packaging a projectile ( bullet, shot, or slug), a propellant substance (usually either smokeless powder or black powder) and an ignition device ( primer) within a meta ..., a type of modern ammunition * ROM cartridge, a removable component in an electronic device * Cartridge (respirator), a type of filter used in respirators Other uses * Cartridge (surname), a surname * Cartridge Creek, a creek near Fresno, California, United States See also * * {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kistler Group
Kistler Group (legal name: Kistler Holding AG (a.k.a. “box”)), with headquarters in Winterthur, is an internationally active Swiss group of companies specializing in the field of measurement technology. The Kistler Group is represented at more than 60 locations in over 30 countries and, although owner-managed, is organized as a listed company. The Kistler Group employs a staff of some 2,050 and generated revenue of 361 million Swiss francs in 2020. Approximately 9% of revenue flows back into research and technology every year. History The company was founded by Walter P. Kistler and Hans Conrad Sonderegger in 1959 as the Kistler Instrument Corporation, but the enterprise started in 1950 when Walter Kistler patented a charge amplifier he developed. Hans Conrad Sonderegger is the father of the current (2010) CEO. In 1959 the company became active on the stock market. Since 1961 the company started the in-house production of charge amplifiers and the development of other sensors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overpressure Ammunition
Overpressure ammunition, commonly designated as +P or +P+, is small arms ammunition that has been loaded to produce a higher internal pressure when fired than is standard for ammunition of its caliber (see internal ballistics), but less than the pressures generated by a proof round. This is done typically to produce rounds with a higher muzzle velocity and stopping power, such as ammunition used for defensive or hunting purposes. Because of this, +P ammunition is typically found in handgun calibers which might be used for defensive purposes. +P vs. magnum cartridges Magnum cartridges, such as the .357 Magnum, are usually developed by greatly increasing the working pressure of an existing cartridge, and the resulting cartridges are typically different in some small manner to prevent them from being chambered in firearms not specifically designed for them. For example, the .357 Magnum is slightly longer than the .38 Special, which is the parent cartridge of lower pressure from wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Small Arms Ammunition Pressure Testing
Small arms ammunition pressure testing is used to establish standards for maximum average peak pressures of chamberings, as well as determining the safety of particular loads for the purposes of new load development. In metallic cartridges, peak pressure can vary based on propellant used, primers used, charge weight, projectile type, projectile seating depth, neck tension, chamber throat/lead parameters. In shotshells, the primary factors are charge weight, projectile weight, wad type, hull construction, and crimp quality. Modern civilian test methodologies The two modern standardized test methodologies in use are the Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives or C.I.P. methodology, and the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute or SAAMI methodology. The SAAMI methodology is widely used in the US, while C.I.P. is widely used in the mainly European C.I.P. member states. While both modern methodologies use piezo pressure trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NATO Cartridge (other)
NATO cartridge may refer to: * Small arms ** 9×19mm NATO (STANAG 4090) ** 5.7×28mm NATO (STANAG 4509) ** 5.56×45mm NATO (STANAG 4172) ** 7.62×51mm NATO (STANAG 2310) ** 12.7×99mm NATO (STANAG 4383) ** 40 mm grenade * Autocannons ** 20×102mm (STANAG 3535), 20 mm caliber ** 25×137mm and 25x184mm (STANAG 4173), 25 mm caliber ** 27x145mm (STANAG 3820), 27 mm caliber ** 30x113mmB and 30×173mm (STANAG 4624), 30 mm caliber ** 35x228mm (STANAG 4516), 35 mm caliber * Tank guns ** 105x617mmR (STANAG 4458) ** 120x570mmR (STANAG 4385) * Artillery ** 105 mm (STANAG 4425) ** 155 mm 155 mm (6.1 in) is a common, NATO-standard, artillery caliber. It is defined in AOP-29 part 1 with reference to STANAG 4425. It is commonly used in field guns, howitzers, and gun-howitzers. Land warfare The caliber originated in France aft ... (STANAG 4425) File:9x19mm Parabellum.svg, 9x19 mm File:5.56x45mm NATO.jpg, 5.56x45 mm NATO File:7.62x51 NATO dimensions.png, 7.62x51 mm File:50 bmg 12. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Army CCDC Armaments Center
The United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Armaments Center (CCDCAC), or Armaments Center, headquartered at Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey, is the US Army's primary research and development arm for armaments and munitions. Besides its Picatinny headquarters, the Armaments Center has three other research facilities, including Benét Laboratories. The Armaments Center works to develop more advanced weapons using technologies such as microwaves, lasers and nanotechnology. The Armaments Center was established in February 2019, when it was aligned with the United States Army Futures Command along with its senior organization, the United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command. Armaments Center was called the U.S. Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC). The Armaments Center is the R&D center for armaments used by the U.S. Army, United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM), and other U.S. military organizations. It is on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butterworth Filter
The Butterworth filter is a type of signal processing filter designed to have a frequency response that is as flat as possible in the passband. It is also referred to as a maximally flat magnitude filter. It was first described in 1930 by the British engineer and physicist Stephen Butterworth in his paper entitled "On the Theory of Filter Amplifiers". Original paper Butterworth had a reputation for solving "impossible" mathematical problems. At the time, filter design required a considerable amount of designer experience due to limitations of the theory then in use. The filter was not in common use for over 30 years after its publication. Butterworth stated that: Such an ideal filter cannot be achieved, but Butterworth showed that successively closer approximations were obtained with increasing numbers of filter elements of the right values. At the time, filters generated substantial ripple in the passband, and the choice of component values was highly interactive. Butter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bessel Filter
In electronics and signal processing, a Bessel filter is a type of analog linear filter with a maximally flat group/phase delay (maximally linear phase response), which preserves the wave shape of filtered signals in the passband. Bessel filters are often used in audio crossover systems. The filter's name is a reference to German mathematician Friedrich Bessel (1784–1846), who developed the mathematical theory on which the filter is based. The filters are also called Bessel–Thomson filters in recognition of W. E. Thomson, who worked out how to apply Bessel functions to filter design in 1949. The Bessel filter is very similar to the Gaussian filter, and tends towards the same shape as filter order increases. While the time-domain step response of the Gaussian filter has zero overshoot, the Bessel filter has a small amount of overshoot, but still much less than other common frequency-domain filters, such as Butterworth filters. It has been noted that the impulse response of B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filter (signal Processing)
In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from a signal. Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some frequencies or frequency bands. However, filters do not exclusively act in the frequency domain; especially in the field of image processing many other targets for filtering exist. Correlations can be removed for certain frequency components and not for others without having to act in the frequency domain. Filters are widely used in electronics and telecommunication, in radio, television, audio recording, radar, control systems, music synthesis, image processing, and computer graphics. There are many different bases of classifying filters and these overlap in many different ways; there is no simple hierarchical classification. Filters may be: * non-linear or linear * time-vari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overpressure Ammunition
Overpressure ammunition, commonly designated as +P or +P+, is small arms ammunition that has been loaded to produce a higher internal pressure when fired than is standard for ammunition of its caliber (see internal ballistics), but less than the pressures generated by a proof round. This is done typically to produce rounds with a higher muzzle velocity and stopping power, such as ammunition used for defensive or hunting purposes. Because of this, +P ammunition is typically found in handgun calibers which might be used for defensive purposes. +P vs. magnum cartridges Magnum cartridges, such as the .357 Magnum, are usually developed by greatly increasing the working pressure of an existing cartridge, and the resulting cartridges are typically different in some small manner to prevent them from being chambered in firearms not specifically designed for them. For example, the .357 Magnum is slightly longer than the .38 Special, which is the parent cartridge of lower pressure from wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commission Internationale Permanente Pour L'épreuve Des Armes à Feu Portatives
The ''Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives'' ("Permanent International Commission for the Proof of Small Arms" – commonly abbreviated as C.I.P.) is an international organisation which sets standards for safety testing of firearms. (The word ''portatives'' ("portable") in the name refers to the fact the C.I.P. tests small arms almost exclusively; it is ordinarily omitted from the English translation of the name.) As of 2015, its members are the national governments of 14 countries, of which 11 are European Union member states. The C.I.P. safeguards that all firearms and ammunition sold to civilian purchasers in member states are safe for the users. To achieve this, all such firearms are first proof tested at C.I.P. accredited Proof Houses. The same applies for cartridges; at regular intervals, cartridges are tested against the C.I.P. pressure specifications at the ammunition manufacturing plants and at C.I.P. accredited Proof Houses. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
50 Browning
5 (five) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number, and cardinal number, following 4 and preceding 6, and is a prime number. It has attained significance throughout history in part because typical humans have five digits on each hand. In mathematics 5 is the third smallest prime number, and the second super-prime. It is the first safe prime, the first good prime, the first balanced prime, and the first of three known Wilson primes. Five is the second Fermat prime and the third Mersenne prime exponent, as well as the third Catalan number, and the third Sophie Germain prime. Notably, 5 is equal to the sum of the ''only'' consecutive primes, 2 + 3, and is the only number that is part of more than one pair of twin primes, ( 3, 5) and (5, 7). It is also a sexy prime with the fifth prime number and first prime repunit, 11. Five is the third factorial prime, an alternating factorial, and an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
