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Nationalism In The Middle Ages
Several scholars of nationalism support the existence of nationalism in the Middle Ages (mainly in Europe). This school of thought differs from modernism, which suggests that nationalism developed after the late 18th century and the French Revolution. Theories on the existence of nationalism in the Middle Ages may belong to the general paradigms of ethnosymbolism and primordialism (perennialism). Western and Northern Europe The belief that Christian universality in the medieval West supposedly prevented the evolution of national identities, was first challenged by scholars like John Huizinga (1920–2008), historian Marc Bloch (1886–1944), Hugh Seton-Watson (1916–1984), Vivian Galbraith (1889–1976), and others, whose works suggested that research on nationalism should be extended back to the Middle Ages. Among the modern authors who advocate the origin of nations in the Middle Ages is Adrian Hastings (1929–2001). His seminal work is "The Construction of Nati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nationalism
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a in-group and out-group, group of people),Anthony D. Smith, Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History''. Polity (publisher), Polity, 2010. pp. 9, 25–30; especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland to create a nation-state. Nationalism holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (self-determination), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity, and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power. It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on a combination of shared social characteristics such as culture, ethnicity, geographic location, language, politics (or the government), religion, traditions and belief ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Paleolithic period, but takes its name from the Angles, a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula, who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century. The English language, the Anglican Church, and Eng ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sverre Bagge
Sverre Håkon Bagge (born 7 August 1942 in Bergen) is a Norwegian historian. He took his doctorate with the thesis ''Den politiske ideologi i Kongespeilet'', published in 1979. From 1974 to 1991 he worked as an associate professor (''førsteamanuensis'') at the University of Bergen, and he became a professor there in 1991. Since 2003 he is the leader of the Centre for Medieval Studies, Bergen. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Selected bibliography *''Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation'', 2014 *''From Viking Stronghold to Christian Kingdom: State Formation in Norway, c. 900-1350'', 2010 *''Den politiske ideologi i Kongespeilet'', 1979 *''Høymiddelalderen'', 1984, volume 8 in ''Cappelens Verdenshistorie'' *''Europa tar form, År 300 til 1300'', 1986 *''Norge i dansketiden 1380-1814'', 1987 (with Knut Mykland Knut (Norwegian and Swedish), Knud (Danish), or Knútur (Icelandic) is a Scandinavi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Temple Period
The Second Temple period in Jewish history lasted approximately 600 years (516 BCE - 70 CE), during which the Second Temple existed. It started with the return to Zion and the construction of the Second Temple, while it ended with the First Jewish–Roman War and the Siege of Jerusalem (70), destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. In 587/6 BCE, the Kingdom of Judah was conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The Judeans lost their independence and monarchy, and Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC), their holy city was destroyed. Part of the Judean population Babylonian captivity, was exiled to Babylon; it was eventually Return to Zion, allowed to return following Edict of Cyrus, a proclamation by the Persian king Cyrus the Great that was issued after the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenid Empire. Under Yehud (Persian province), Persian provincial governance ( 539 – 332 BCE), the returned Jewish population in Judah was allowed to self-govern and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem. In 332 BCE, Jud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aviel Roshwald
Aviel Roshwald is an American historian and Professor of history at Georgetown University. He received his B.A from the University of Minnesota in 1980, and his PhD from Harvard University in 1987. As a scholar of nationalism, Roshwald is noted for his belief that nations and nationalism already existed in the ancient world. Books ''The Endurance of Nationalism: Ancient Roots and Modern Dilemmas'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). ''Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914-1923'' (London: Routledge, 2001). ''Estranged Bedfellows: Britain and France in the Middle East during the Second World War'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). Co-edited with Richard Stites, ''European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment, and Propaganda, 1914-1918'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doron Mendels
Doron Mendels is a full professor in the history department of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Research Mendels researches primarily the Hellenistic world from various perspectives (beginning with the period of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE through the period of Constantine the Great in the 4th century CE). Many of his works deal with the encounters between the Jews, Christianity, and Paganism, and relate to the themes of historiography, ancient Jewish nationalism, the history of the Catholic Church, public memory, and communication. Books ''The Land of Israel as a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature'' This work was Mendels' first published book, issued in 1987 in Germany by Mohr-Siebeck, Tuebingen, Germany. The book deals with the pseudepigrapha, apocrypha and Jewish Hellenistic literature of the Hasmonean era, works which have not usually been seen in their historical-political context. Mendels deals with the perception of the Land of Israel in the Hasmo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azar Gat
Azar Gat (born 1959 in Haifa, Israel) is a researcher and author on military history, military strategy and war and peace in general. Along with Steven Pinker and others, Gat argues that war is in decline in today's world. He is currently Ezer Weizman Professor of National Security and in his second term (first from 1999–2003) as Chair of the Department of Political Science at Tel Aviv University. He is the founder and head of the University's Executive Masters Program in Diplomacy and Security. Gat is also a Major in the Israeli Army.(August 2013Azar Gat/ref> Gat holds a doctoral degree from the University of Oxford (1984–86), an MA from Tel Aviv University (1979–83), and a BA from the University of Haifa (1975–78). He has been Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the University of Freiburg, Germany; Fulbright Fellow at Yale University, US; British Council Scholar at the University of Oxford, Great Britain; visiting fellow at the Mershon Center, Ohio State Unive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protestantism
Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to be growing Criticism of the Catholic Church, errors, abuses, and discrepancies within it. Protestantism emphasizes the Christian believer's justification by God in faith alone (') rather than by a combination of faith with good works as in Catholicism; the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by Grace in Christianity, divine grace or "unmerited favor" only ('); the Universal priesthood, priesthood of all faithful believers in the Church; and the ''sola scriptura'' ("scripture alone") that posits the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice. Most Protestants, with the exception of Anglo-Papalism, reject the Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. O'Collins, p. v (preface). The church consists of 24 ''sui iuris'' churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state. The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church teaches that it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steven Grosby
Steven Elliot Grosby is Professor of Religion at Clemson University. Education Grosby received his PhD from the Committee on Social Thought of the University of Chicago. Career Grosby's areas of research include the ancient Near East, the Hebrew Bible, the relation between religion and nationality, and Social and Political Philosophy. His articles have appeared in journals such as ''Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft'', History of Religions, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Archives Europeennes de Sociologie, and Nations and Nationalism. “Grosby asserts that the human tendency to form attachments to the image of the native land. . . suggests something fundamental about human conduct.” In his book ''Biblical Ideas of Nationality: Ancient and Modern'', Grosby argues that the ideas of modern nationhood were already present in the Ancient Near East in places like Armenia, Edom, Egypt, and especially Biblical Israel, which later ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthony D
Anthony or Antony is a masculine given name, derived from the '' Antonii'', a ''gens'' ( Roman family name) to which Mark Antony (''Marcus Antonius'') belonged. According to Plutarch, the Antonii gens were Heracleidae, being descendants of Anton, a son of Heracles. Anthony is an English name that is in use in many countries. It has been among the top 100 most popular male baby names in the United States since the late 19th century and has been among the top 100 male baby names between 1998 and 2018 in many countries including Canada, Australia, England, Ireland and Scotland. Equivalents include ''Antonio'' in Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Maltese; ''Αντώνιος'' in Greek; ''António'' or ''Antônio'' in Portuguese; '' Antoni'' in Catalan, Polish, and Slovene; '' Anton'' in Dutch, Galician, German, Icelandic, Romanian, Russian, and Scandinavian languages; ''Antoine'' in French; '' Antal'' in Hungarian; and ''Antun'' or ''Ante'' in Croatian. The usual abbreviated form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Alexander Armstrong
John Alexander Armstrong Jr. (4 May 1922 – 2010) was Professor Emeritus of political science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Born in St. Augustine, Florida on 4 May 1922, he entered the University of Chicago at age 20 where he received both bachelor's and master's degrees. However, the date of his graduation was delayed by his enlistment in the U.S. Army in Belgium during World War II, from 1944 to 1945. Such experience appears to have certain impacts upon the direction of his academic research on nationalism in Europe afterwards. He entered Columbia University for further study in 1950 and received a Ph.D. three years later. His earlier works focus on nationalism and ideologies in Europe, especially Ukraine and Russia during the 1950s and 1960s. The most influential work of his is the path-breaking ''Nations before Nationalism'' (1982) which firstly systematically expressed the ''longue durée'' of ethnic identity and has inspired theorists of ethnosymbolism inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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