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NUBPL
Iron-sulfur protein NUBPL (IND1) also known as nucleotide-binding protein-like (NUBPL), IND1 homolog, Nucleotide-binding protein-like or huInd1 is an iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein that, in humans, is encoded by the NUBPL gene, located on chromosome 14q12. It has an early role in the assembly of the mitochondrial complex I assembly pathway. Structure ''NUBPL'' is located on the q arm of chromosome 14 in position 12 and has 18 exons. The ''NUBPL'' gene produces a 5.9 kDa protein composed of 54 amino acids. The structure of the protein includes a presumed iron-sulfur binding (CxxC) signature, a nucleotide-binding domain which has been highly conserved, and a mitochondrial targeting sequence in the N-terminal. NUBPL is required for the assembly of complex I, which is composed of 45 evolutionally conserved core subunits, including both mitochondrial DNA and nuclear encoded subunits. One of its arms is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, and the other is embedded i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromosome 14
Chromosome 14 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 14 spans about 107 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 3 and 3.5% of the total DNA in cells. The centromere of chromosome 14 is positioned approximately at position 17.2 Mbp. Genes Number of genes The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 14. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project ( CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. Gene list The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 14. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dehydrogenase
A dehydrogenase is an enzyme belonging to the group of oxidoreductases that oxidizes a substrate by reducing an electron acceptor, usually NAD+/NADP+ or a flavin coenzyme such as FAD or FMN. Like all catalysts, they catalyze reverse as well as forward reactions, and in some cases this has physiological significance: for example, alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde in animals, but in yeast it catalyzes the production of ethanol from acetaldehyde. IUBMB classification Oxidoreductases, enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, constitute Class EC 1 of the IUBMB classification of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Any of these may be called dehydrogenases, especially those in which NAD+ is the electron acceptor (oxidant), but reductase is also used when the physiological emphasis on reduction of the substrate, and oxidase is used ''only'' when O2 is the electron acceptor. The systematic name of an oxidoreductase is "donor:acceptor oxidore ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NDUFA13
NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFA13'' gene. The NDUFA13 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Structure The NDUFA13 gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 19 in position 13.2 and spans 11,995 base pairs. The gene produces a 17 kDa protein composed of 144 amino acids. NDUFA13 is a subunit of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centers and the NADH binding site. It has been noted that the N-terminal hydrophobic domain has the potential to be folded into an alpha helix spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane with a C-terminal hydrophilic domain interactin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NDUFS3
NADH dehydrogenase biquinoneiron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFS3'' gene on chromosome 11. This gene encodes one of the iron-sulfur protein (IP) components of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Mutations in this gene are associated with Leigh syndrome resulting from mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Structure The ''NDUFS3'' gene encodes a protein subunit consisting of 263 amino acids. This protein is synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported to the mitochondria via a signal peptide. Two mutations that occur in its highly conserved C-terminal region, T145I and R199W, are causally linked to Leigh syndrome and optic atrophy. Nonetheless, despite its crucial biological role, the human NDUFS3 remains structurally poorly understood. Function This gene encodes one of the iron-sulfur protein (IP) components of complex I. The 45-subunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is the first en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NDUFV1
NADH dehydrogenase biquinoneflavoprotein 1, mitochondrial (NDUFV1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFV1'' gene. The NDUFV1 gene encodes the 51-kD subunit of complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Defects in complex I are a common cause of mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency is linked to myopathies, encephalomyopathies, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Leigh syndrome. Structure ''NDUFV1'' is located on the q arm of chromosome 11 in position 13.2 and has 10 exons. The ''NDUFV1'' gene produces a 50.8 kDa protein composed of 464 amino acids. NDUFV1, the protein encoded by this gene, is a member of the complex I 51 kDa subunit family. This subunit carries the NADH-binding site as well as flavin mononucleotide (FMN)- and Fe-S-binding sites. It also contains a transit peptide domain and is composed of 6 turns, 14 beta strands, and 19 alpha helixes. Function Comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NDUFS1
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial (NDUFS1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFS1'' gene. The encoded protein, NDUFS1, is the largest subunit of complex I, located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, and is important for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations in this gene are associated with complex I deficiency. Structure ''NDUFS1'' is located on the q arm of chromosome 2 in position 33.3 and has 20 exons. The ''NDUFS1'' gene produces a 79.5 kDa protein composed of 727 amino acids. NDUFS1, the protein encoded by this gene, is a member of the complex I 75 kDa subunit family. It contains a transit peptide, 10 turns, 19 beta strands, 27 alpha helixes, and cofactor binding sites for 2Fe-2S">2Fe-2S_cluster.html" ;"title="nowiki/>2Fe-2S cluster">2Fe-2Sand [4Fe-4S] clusters. The cluster domains consist of a 79 amino acid 2Fe-2S ferredoxin-type from positions 30–108, a 40 amino acid 4Fe-4S His(Cys)3-ligated-type from positi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitochondrial Complex I
Respiratory complex I, (also known as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, Type I NADH dehydrogenase and mitochondrial complex I) is the first large protein complex of the respiratory chains of many organisms from bacteria to humans. It catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and translocates protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes or the plasma membrane of bacteria. This enzyme is essential for the normal functioning of cells, and mutations in its subunits lead to a wide range of inherited neuromuscular and metabolic disorders. Defects in this enzyme are responsible for the development of several pathological processes such as ischemia/reperfusion damage (stroke and cardiac infarction), Parkinson's disease and others. Function Complex I is the first enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. There are three energy-transducing enzymes in the electron transport chain - NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yarrowia
''Yarrowia'' is a fungal genus in the family Dipodascaceae. For a while the genus was monotypic, containing the single species ''Yarrowia lipolytica'', a yeast that can use unusual carbon sources, such as hydrocarbons. This has made it of interest for use in industrial microbiology, especially for the production of specialty lipids. Molecular phylogenetics analysis has revealed several other species that have since been added to the genus. In January 2019, ''Yarrowia lipolytica'' yeast biomass was defined by the European Food Safety Authority as a safe novel food – dried and heat‐killed – with the underlying qualifications that it is widespread in nature, present in the typical environment, may be used as food for people over age 3 (3 grams per day for children under age 10, and 6 grams per day for teens and adults), and may be manufactured as a dietary supplement. Biology Habitat ''Yarrowia lipolytica'' has been isolated from various locations (e.g. milled cor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNA Interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules are involved in sequence-specific suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA, through translational or transcriptional repression. Historically, RNAi was known by other names, including ''co-suppression'', ''post-transcriptional gene silencing'' (PTGS), and ''quelling''. The detailed study of each of these seemingly different processes elucidated that the identity of these phenomena were all actually RNAi. Andrew Fire and Craig Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNAi in the nematode worm ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', which they published in 1998. Since the discovery of RNAi and its regulatory potentials, it has become evident that RNAi has immense potential in suppression of desired genes. RNAi is now known as precise, efficient, stable and better than antisense therapy for gene suppression. Antisense RNA produced intracellularly by an expression vector may be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactic Acid
Lactic acid is an organic acid. It has the molecular formula C3H6O3. It is white in the solid state and it is miscible with water. When in the dissolved state, it forms a colorless solution. Production includes both artificial synthesis as well as natural sources. Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) due to the presence of a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxyl group. It is used as a synthetic intermediate in many organic synthesis industries and in various biochemical industries. The conjugate base of lactic acid is called lactate (or the lactate anion). The name of the derived acyl group is lactoyl. In solution, it can ionize by a loss of a proton to produce the lactate ion . Compared to acetic acid, its p''K'' is 1 unit less, meaning lactic acid is ten times more acidic than acetic acid. This higher acidity is the consequence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the α-hydroxyl and the carboxylate group. Lactic acid is chiral, consisting of two en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christa Membrane
{{disambiguation, surname ...
Christa may refer to: * Christa (given name), a female given name * Janusz Christa (1934–2008), Polish comics author * ''Swedish Fly Girls'', a 1971 film also known as ''Christa'' * 1015 Christa, an asteroid See also * Christ (other) * Christa-Elizabeth * Christe * Christi * Christo (other) * Christy (other) * Crista * Christia * Krista Krista is a female given name, a mostly North European (Finland, Estonia and Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
